However, she developed re-coarctation in 6 months which was managed with a covered stent. Not all CoA requires the covered stents, but there are certain "high risk" CoA which require covered stent as first choice.The double-barreled aorta connecting the ascending aorta and descending aorta caudal to the normal fourth aortic arch has fascinated the interests of cardiac morphologists for over a century. This condition is commonly associated with coarctation. While the controversies surrounding the embryology of the double-barreled aorta have settled down, we present a case-based illustration of the technical aspects of coarctation stenting peculiar to this condition.Intraoperative echocardiography is an integral component of the peri-operative management of pediatric heart disease. It confirms the adequacy of surgery, identifies residual lesions, and can provide useful hemodynamic data. It, therefore, helps to decide on the need for revision of repair and guides the postoperative management strategy. Intraoperative echocardiography is done with the use of either an epicardial probe or a transesophageal probe. Epicardial echocardiography is a simple, useful modality and has the ability to perform imaging in cases where transesophageal echocardiography cannot be easily performed, for example, in low birth weight babies. We attempt to describe in detail the technique of epicardial echocardiography and the various views that we have found useful for a complete postsurgical evaluation. The limitations of the technique are also discussed in detail. Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in developed countries. KD is increasingly being reported from India; however, studies involving the large number of patients are few. All children presenting to the center from January 2017 to December 2019, diagnosed to have KD, were retrospectively included in the study. Clinical and laboratory profiles, including echocardiograms, were reviewed. Vorapaxar molecular weight Factors contributing to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) refractoriness and the development of coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) were assessed. A total of 39 children with KD presented to the center during the study. While 32 received initial treatment at our center, seven were referred after the initial IVIg infusion. The age range was 2 months to 11 years (mean 42.15 ± 38.51 months). More than two-thirds of the cohort was male ( = 27/39). Mucosal involvement was the commonest clinical abnormality for the group, followed by rash. Hemoglobin was significantly lower in the group with coronary artery involvement ( = 0.001). CAA (61.5%), incomplete KD, and atypical features were much more common in infants compared to the rest. Refractoriness to treatment was significantly more common in infants ( = 0.029). A significant proportion of infants with KD had cardiac involvement. Infants were more likely to have IVIg-resistant disease.A significant proportion of infants with KD had cardiac involvement. Infants were more likely to have IVIg-resistant disease. The aims of our prospective observational study were to evaluate the (1) reliability of clinical signs in the early detection of diaphragm palsy (DP); (2) reliability of ultrasonography using echo machine as a bedside tool for the diagnosis of DP; and (3) does early diaphragm plication result in the improved outcome? We also sought to determine the incidence and predominant risk factors for DP and diaphragm plication at our center. This prospective observational study included patients with suspected DP from January 2015 to December 2018. Patients with suspected DP were initially evaluated by bedside ultrasonography using echo machine and confirmed by fluoroscopy. Diaphragm plication was considered for patients having respiratory distress, difficult weaning, or failed extubation attempt without any obvious cardiac or pulmonary etiology. Patients were followed for 3 months after discharge to assess diaphragm function. A total of 87 patients were suspected of DP based on clinical signs. DP was diagnosed ito suspect unilateral DP. Bedside ultrasonography using an echo machine is a good diagnostic investigation comparable to fluoroscopy. Early plication facilitates weaning from the ventilator and thereby decreases the ICU stay and hospital stay. Thyroid hormone deficiency is known to occur after cardiac surgery and known as nonthyroid illness (NTI). The beneficial role of perioperative thyroid hormone supplementation in children has been debatable more so with oral supplementation. The aim is to evaluate the role of pre-operative oral thyroid hormone therapy in preventing NTI. To assess its effect on post-operative thyroid hormone levels, hemodynamic parameters, and cardiac function of infants and small children undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery. Prospective randomized, double-blinded controlled trial at a tertiary level pediatric cardiothoracic center. Sixty-five children aged under 18 months undergoing corrective surgeries on cardiopulmonary bypass were included. Patients were randomized into two equal groups placebo group (given placebo) and thyroxine group (given thyroxine tablet 10 μg/kg) orally once a day starting on the preoperative evening till the fifth postoperative day. The postoperative hemodynamics, inotropic requirement, vent severity of postoperative NTI. It increases the serum level of thyroid hormones but the therapy does not translate to better hemodynamics, reduced inotropic requirement, reduced ventilatory requirement, improved myocardial function or reduced ICU stay when compared to placebo. Current guidelines recommended aortic measurements during diastole in adults and during systole in children. Recent studies in adults have demonstrated noteworthy differences in aortic measurements during systole and diastole in the same subjects. In the present study, we aimed to characterize systolic and diastolic differences in aortic measurements in healthy children. This retrospective study included 272 children who had a complete echocardiogram and no heart disease. Aortic measurements at the annulus (ANN), aortic root (AOR), sinotubular junction (STJ), and ascending aorta (AAO) were performed. Systolic and diastolic values were compared by calculating the mean systolic to diastolic (SD) percent difference for each segment; if the SD difference was >5%, it was considered clinically important. Similar measurements were conducted by another observer in 18% of the subjects. Systolic measurements were larger than diastolic measurements with mean SD percent differences >5% ( < 0.001) for the AOR (7.