In this article, a hybrid control approach is provided to control the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) triaxial gyroscope as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system. Control design includes a fast non-singular terminal sliding mode control (FNTSMC) as a main part of the proposed hybrid control method and since the MEMS gyroscope performance is affected by parameter variations, quadrature errors, and external disturbances in the core of the main controller, adaptive interval type-2 recurrent fuzzy radial basis function neural network (IT2-RFRBF-NN) is employed to estimate the lumped uncertainties. The proposed hybrid approach has four main attributes (1) it lies in the category of model-free control structures; (2) There is no negative power involved. Hence, the suggested method does not have the singularity problem; (3) to enhance the capability of the proposed method in the present of noise the ellipsoidal membership functions are employed to design adaptive IT2-RFRBF-NN; (4) the Fourier series expansion as a function approximation technique is efficiently used to online estimate the discontinuous component by establishing a soft switching in the proposed controller. With the help of the Lyapunov stability theory, guaranteeing the closed-loop control system stability by the suggested control design is confirmed. The findings of the simulations and comparison with other approaches confirm the superiority of the suggested hybrid approach.This paper addresses the energy minimised operation of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination process by simultaneous manipulation of feed pressure and reject valve opening. The specific energy consumption (SEC) analysis of SWRO desalination process for maintaining constant permeate flow during feed salinity variation is performed. The analysis is carried out to identify the suitable manipulating variables that can reduce the energy requirement for regulating permeate flow during feed salinity variation. Based on the analysis, a multi-loop control strategy using event-driven programming paradigm aided by regression based predictive model is proposed. The proposed methodology is more desirable than traditional event-driven multi-loop PID control due to smoother control transition and energy reduction. The investigation of SEC and analysis of proposed control strategy were performed using a previously validated dynamic model for SWRO desalination process. The simulation results show that the proposed methodology is superior to conventional PID control by enabling energy-minimised operation of RO process with significant reduction of feed pressure. The analysis shows that the proposed control approach reduces the feed pressure requirement by approximately 300 kPa during feed salinity variation.Chronic pain and functional impairment associated with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (TMD) considerably reduce oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). In the present study we have assessed the influence of prolotherapy in patients with TMD by the subjective measurement of QoL using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Twenty-five patients diagnosed with TMD (mean (range) age 38 (18 - 70) years) were included. They had all undergone dextrose prolotherapy to the TMJ at regular time intervals (four times at intervals of two weeks) using the method suggested by Hemwall-Hackett. They were asked to answer the OHIP-14 questionnaire before and two years after prolotherapy. Seven domains of OHRQoL were rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Domain scores and total OHIP-14 scores were compared using inferential statistics (chi squared and Wilcoxon signed rank tests). CK1-IN-2 cell line Prolotherapy was effective over time, as all the domains' mean scores decreased considerably after treatment. The total mean score before prolotherapy was 21.20, which was extensively reduced to 13.08 after prolotherapy (p=0.001). There was statistically significant improvement in all domains, including functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical disability, psychological disability, social disability, and handicap (p≤0.005 in all cases). We concluded that prolotherapy has a promising role in the improvement of OHRQoL of patients with TMD, and its beneficial effects persist at least two years after treatment.Day/night cycle controls neurogenesis; melatonin released from pineal gland in darkness stimulates intracellular Ca2+ dynamics thus decreasing proliferation of neural stem cells. In the daylight intracellular Ca2+ activity subsides, which stimulates neural stem cells division and increases generation of newborn neurones. In order to tackle the issue of physical inactivity, local governments have implemented population-level programmes to promote exercise. While evidence is accumulating on the cost-effectiveness of these interventions, studies have typically adopted a health sector perspective for economic evaluation. This approach has been challenged as it does not allow for key concerns by local governments, which are primary stakeholders, to be addressed. To show how taking a local government perspective for economic evaluation can be implemented in practice and this may affect the economic conclusions. Based on data from a case study, the health equity impact of the intervention and its opportunity cost from a service provider viewpoint were assessed. The cost-effectiveness implications of a change in perspective were subsequently estimated by means of scenario analysis. The intervention was found to provide adult residents living in the most deprived city areas with greater health benefits compared with the rest of the population. However, a negative net equity impact was found in the short-term. The opportunity cost of the intervention was estimated to be substantially lower than its financial cost (£2.77 per person/year), with significant implications for decision-making. Taking a local government perspective can affect the conclusions drawn from the economic evaluation of population-level programmes to promote exercise, and therefore influence decision making.Taking a local government perspective can affect the conclusions drawn from the economic evaluation of population-level programmes to promote exercise, and therefore influence decision making.