Our findings provide novel evidence of a key difference between youngsters with GTS and typically developing participants in the ability to effectively control the production of own motor responses to sensory inputs deriving from observed actions.The present study was conducted to review the literature on the effects of handle characteristics of manual hand tools including handle diameter, shape and material on forearm supination/pronation, wrist flexion/extension and wrist ulnar/radial deviation torque strengths to assist ergonomists and designers in developing guidelines to improve workstations and hand tool designs. Twenty-seven papers meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The study provides different points that can be applied to improve the design of hand tools with an emphasis on handle diameter, shape and material, and highlights various methodological issues including interactions among variables affecting maximum torque strength, posture, torque exertion using one or two hands, torque exertions in multiple anatomical axes, using gloves, upper extremity anthropometry and test protocols, which should be considered in future research. The clinical utility of cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP and oVEMP) is limited by variability of testing protocols and a dearth of normative data using contemporary methods for amplitude scaling. To investigate the effect of body position and electrode montage on VEMP responses and to establish normative values. This is a repeated measures study of 44 healthy young adult subjects (22 men and 22 women). The highest response rate (99%) for cVEMP was achieved in the supine position with the head elevated and turned. For oVEMP, the highest response rate (90%) was achieved using nasal alar electrode montage with the subject in a sitting position. Scaled peak-to-peak amplitude was higher in males than in females for both cVEMP and oVEMP. Normative data for 44 young healthy adults was successfully collected for two body positions for cVEMP and two head positions and two electrode montages for oVEMP. Our findings describe VEMP protocols that efficiently detect VEMP responses, and we provide normative VEMP response data for young healthy subjects. We describe a potential difference in response between males and females, which may be clinically important.Our findings describe VEMP protocols that efficiently detect VEMP responses, and we provide normative VEMP response data for young healthy subjects. We describe a potential difference in response between males and females, which may be clinically important. The negative consequences associated with alcohol misuse remain a concern on college campuses nationwide. Alcohol protective behavioral strategies are important factors in mitigating college students' experiences of alcohol-related negative consequences. Overparenting, or "helicopter parenting," is a form of over-involved parenting which has been associated with a range of substance use concerns in college students. The mechanism by which overparenting is associated with alcohol use and/or consequences is unclear; however, it may be partially explained by failure to engage in the use of protective behavioral strategies. The current study explored the degree to which alcohol protective behavioral strategies mediated the relationship between overparenting and alcohol-related negative consequences when accounting for alcohol consumption and if these associations were invariant across race and gender. Participants were 625 traditional age college students who consumed alcohol within the 30 days prior to cinking, partially mediated the relationship between overparenting and alcohol-related negative consequences when accounting for alcohol misuse. There were no differences noted across gender, but the models were found to be invariant across White and African American participants in relation to the protective value of alcohol protective behavioral strategies. Conclusion/Importance Overparenting may relate to negative alcohol outcomes in part through less use of harm reduction strategies. More investigation into the value of alcohol protective behavioral strategies across race is needed.The study aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behaviours among adolescents in Mozambique. In the cross-sectional 'Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS)', 1918 students aged 11-18 years from Mozambique responded to a questionnaire in 2015. More than half (57.4%) of the students ever had sex, 68.4% among boys and 45.8% among girls. Among students who ever had sex, 41.5% had early sexual debut ( less then 14 years), 57.9% had multiple sexual partners, 25.0% had not used a condom and 42.0% had not used birth control at last sex, and 59.4% engaged in multiple sexual risk behaviour. KRT-232 in vitro In adjusted logistic regression analysis, alcohol use, school truancy, older age and male sex were associated with multiple sexual risk behaviours. A large number of adolescents in Mozambique reported sexual risk behaviours, emphasising the need for interventions. Calciphylaxis is a rare but potentially fatal disease commonly occurred in dialysis patients. Despite some previous studies on risk factors for calciphylaxis, there is still a lack of data from Chinese population. The retrospective matched case-control study about calciphylaxis was performed in Zhongda Hospital affiliated to Southeast University. The case group involved 20 hemodialysis patients who were newly diagnosed with calciphylaxis from October 2017 to December 2018. The 40 noncalciphylaxis patients undergoing dialysis with the same age and duration of dialysis were randomly selected as controls. Most of calciphylaxis patients were male and elderly, while overweight people were more susceptible to the disease. Although incidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism was higher in calciphylaxis patients, the differences in duration of elevated serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and its highest value did not reach statistical significance compared with controls. No significant difference in warfarin therapy was discernible between two groups.