In addition, we explore the reasons why young people tend to engage in both behaviors, and consider future research directions and clinical implications. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected] human intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, KCa3.1, is involved in several pathophysiological conditions playing a critical role in cell secretory machinery and calcium signalling. The recent cryo-EM analysis provides new insights for understanding the modulation by both endogenous and pharmacological agents. A typical feature of this channel is the low open probability in saturating calcium concentrations and its modulation by potassium channel openers (KCOs), such as benzo imidazolone 1-EBIO, without changing calcium-dependent activation. In this paper, we proposed a model of KCOs action in the modulation of channel activity. The KCa3.1 channel has a very rich pharmacological profile with several classes of molecules that selectively interact with different binding sites of the channel. Among them, benzo imidazolones can be openers (positive modulators such as 1-EBIO, DC-EBIO) or blockers (negative modulators such as NS1619). Through computation modelling techniques, we identified the 1,4-benzothiazin-3-one as a promising scaffold to develop new KCa3.1 channel modulators. Further studies are needed to explore the potential use of 1-4 benzothiazine- 3-one in KCa3.1 modulation and its pharmacological application. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected] metastases are a major cause of death in breast cancer patients. A key event in the metastatic progression of breast cancer in the brain is the migration of cancer cells across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB is a natural barrier with specialized functions that protect the brain from harmful substances, including anti-tumor drugs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) sequestered by cells are mediators of cell-cell communication. EVs carry cellular components, including microRNAs that affect the cellular processes of target cells. Here we summarize the knowledge about microRNAs known to play a role in breast cancer and in BBB function. In addition, we describe in vitro BBB models as an instrument to study molecular mechanisms of brain metastasis forming. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected] D is a steroid hormone implicated in the regulation of neuronal integrity and many brain functions. Its influence, as a nutrient and a hormone, on the physiopathology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases is continuously emphasized by new studies. This review addresses what is currently known about the action of vitamin D on the nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Further vitamin D research is necessary to understand how the action of this "neuroactive" steroid can help to optimize the prevention and treatment of several neurological diseases. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected] In recent decades, the world's incidence of obesity has been rising. However, Obesity can often cause a variety of inflammatory reactions, resulting in a variety of diseases that threaten people's health. The aim of this review is to explore long-chain non-coding RNAs in metabolic obesity and to find new targets for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. METHODS In this article we describe the relationship between obesity and inflammation, review several signaling pathways in metabolic inflammation, and summarize some of the Lnc RNA and its targets associated with metabolic inflammation. Related research was obtained through a systematic search of PubMed. RESULT Metabolic stress during obesity can cause inflammation through a variety of metabolic pathways, and many Lnc RNAs can affect the progression of metabolic inflammation by affecting different pathways. CONCLUSION Down-regulating or antagonizing long-chain non-coding RNA in metabolic pathways may provide new ideas and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of metabolic inflammation. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected] pot facile synthesis of folic acid capped silver nanoparticles (FA-AgNPs) has been achieved by reducing silver ions using FA. FA-AgNPs were mixed with Gemcitabine (GEM) to obtain tethered FA-GEM-AgNPs. Nanoparticles were characterized with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out to determine the cytotoxic effect of the prepared nano formulations and its IC50 was found to be 51.70, 40.26, and 35.34 μM for GEM, AgNPs, and FA-GEM-AgNPs, respectively. The apoptotic cell death induced by FA-GEM-AgNPs in breast cancer cell was monitored with Acridine orange (AO)/Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) staining. FA-GEM-AgNPs showed enhanced cytotoxic effect in MDA-MB-453 cell line when compared to drug and AgNPs alone. FA-GEM-AgNPs could be an ideal candidate for enhanced specific targeting in folate receptor over expressed MDA-MB-453 cells, due to its surface functionalization with Folic acid (FA). Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected] ovarian failure (POF), which may be undetectable for a long time, is associated with impaired fertility. The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of POF as well as the concomitant treatments are still unclear. Saracatinib supplier Although many data exist, mainly produced by the study of transgenic animal under various experimental conditions, they remain fragmented. A systematic review of the pathways involved in premature ovarian failure was conducted. Data extraction was performed from experimental studies until 2018. The molecular processes and their correlation with the follicular developmental stage have been described. Furthermore, the effects in other cells, such as oocytes, granulosa and theca cells have been reported. An overall estimation was conducted. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected].