Patients with spina bifida suffer from motor paralysis and sensory disturbance, secondary deformation of the lower extremities, and development of decubitus ulcers. A deep understanding of one's body, such as identifying the names, functions, relationships, homology (e.g. upper and lower limbs) and relative position of body parts, may prevent secondary disorders. The awareness of the body and its characteristics in children with spina bifida have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate how children with spina bifida perceive their bodies, especially their paralysed parts and related or homologous ones. Selleck Elafibranor included 36 children with spina bifida and 14 control children, aged 5-11 years. They were asked to draw self-portraits, and to answer questions about the names of body parts. The number of drawn body parts in the pictures and the correct response rates to the questions were quantified and compared between children with spina bifida and control children. Children with spina bifida drew fewer hands, legs, and feet than control children. In the verbal tests, children with spina bifida had a lower correct response rate than control children on questions concerning the upper limbs, hands, trunk, and feet. Children with spina bifida have diminished visuospatial and lexical-semantic body knowledge of the paralysed parts and related organs.Children with spina bifida have diminished visuospatial and lexical-semantic body knowledge of the paralysed parts and related organs. Margins in transoral surgery for tonsil cancer can be limited by oropharyngeal wall thickness (OWT), but the normal range is not well established. In 240 noncancer subjects, OWT was measured bilaterally in the vicinity of the tonsils with MRI. Statistical analysis was performed to assess for interaction of age, sex, location, and obesity. Mean(SD) OWT measured 3.4(0.6) mm posteriorly, 3.7(2.0) mm between the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus, and 5.3(0.8) mm laterally. OWT was greater in men, correlated with obesity, decreased posteriorly and laterally in the 60-80 versus 40-59 year age groups, and increased when styloglossus/stylopharyngeus were closer. #link# OWT was <5 mm in 36.7%-97.9% of locations, with the largest percentage below this threshold located posteriorly. OWT is frequently <5 mm, particularly in the posterior and intermuscular areas, suggesting that a smaller surgical margin may need to be accepted in transoral tonsil cancer surgery for anatomic reasons.OWT is frequently less then 5 mm, particularly in the posterior and intermuscular areas, suggesting that a smaller surgical margin may need to be accepted in transoral tonsil cancer surgery for anatomic reasons.Strongly Lewis acidic cationic aluminium complexes, stabilized by β-diketiminate (BDI) ligands and free of Lewis bases, have been prepared as their B(C6 F5 )4 - salts and were investigated for catalytic activity in imine hydrogenation. The backbone (R1) and N (R2) substituents on the R1,R2 BDI ligand (R1,R2 BDI=HC[C(R1)N(R2)]2 ) influence sterics and Lewis acidity. Ligand bulk increases along the row Me,DIPP BDI less then Me,DIPeP BDI≈tBu,DIPP BDI less then tBu,DIPeP BDI; DIPP=2,6-C(H)Me2 -phenyl, DIPeP=2,6-C(H)Et2 -phenyl. The Gutmann-Beckett test showed acceptor numbers of (tBu,DIPP BDI)AlMe+ 85.6, (tBu,DIPeP BDI)AlMe+ 85.9, (Me,DIPP BDI)AlMe+ 89.7, (Me,DIPeP BDI)AlMe+ 90.8, (Me,DIPP BDI)AlH+ 95.3. Steric and electronic factors need to be balanced for catalytic activity in imine hydrogenation. Open, highly Lewis acidic, cations strongly coordinate imine rendering it inactive as a Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP). The bulkiest cations do not coordinate imine but its combination is also not an active catalyst. The cation (tBu,DIPP BDI)AlMe+ shows the best catalytic activity for various imines and is also an active catalyst for the Tishchenko reaction of benzaldehyde to benzylbenzoate. DFT calculations on the mechanism of imine hydrogenation catalysed by cationic Al complexes reveal two interconnected catalytic cycles operating in concert. Hydrogen is activated either by FLP reactivity of an Al⋅⋅⋅imine couple or, after formation of significant quantities of amine, by reaction with an Al⋅⋅⋅amine couple. The latter autocatalytic Al⋅⋅⋅amine cycle is energetically favoured.Anthracene-naphthalimide (An-NI) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared, in which the orientation and distance between the two subunits were varied by direct connection or with intervening phenyl linker. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and long triplet state lifetime (ΦΔ =92 %, τT =438 μs) were observed for the directly connected dyads showing a perpendicular geometry (81°). This efficient spin-orbit charge transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) takes 376 fs, inhibits the direct charge recombination (CR) to ground state (1 CT→S0 , takes 3.04 ns). Interestingly, efficient SOCT-ISC for dyads with intervening phenyl linker (ΦΔ =40 % in DCM) was also observed, although the electron donor and acceptor adopt almost coplanar geometry (dihedral angle 15°). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy shows that the electron spin polarization of the triplet state, i. e. the electron spin selectivity of ISC, is highly dependent on the dihedral angle and the linker. For the dyads showing weaker coupling between the donor and acceptors, the charge separation and the intramolecular triplet energy transfer are inhibited at 80 K (frozen solution), because both the 3 An and 3 NI states were observed and the ESP are same as compared to the native anthracene and naphthalimide, which unravel their origin. The dyads were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA UC). High UC quantum yield (ΦUC =12.9 %) as well as a large anti-Stokes shift (0.72 eV) was attained by excitation into the CT absorption band.Large carnivores are currently disappearing from many world regions because of habitat loss, prey depletion, and persecution. Ensuring large carnivore persistence requires safeguarding and sometimes facilitating the expansion of their populations. Understanding which conservation strategies, such as reducing persecution or restoring prey, are most effective to help carnivores to reclaim their former ranges is therefore important. Here, we systematically explored such alternative strategies for the endangered Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in the Caucasus. We combined a rule-based habitat suitability map and a spatially explicit leopard population model to identify potential leopard subpopulations (i.e., breeding patches), and to test the effect of different levels of persecution reduction and prey restoration on leopard population viability across the entire Caucasus ecoregion and northern Iran (about 737,000 km2 ). We identified substantial areas of potentially suitable leopard habitat (~120,000 km2 ), most of which is currently unoccupied.