Six programs (Adult and Pediatric Kinetics, BestDose, DoseMeRx, InsightRx, MwPharm++, and PrecisePK) were evaluated. Among neonatal models, Frymoyer et al. and Capparelli et al. used the largest PK samples to generate their models, which were externally validated. Among the pediatric models, Le et al. employed the largest sample size, with multiple external validations. Of the Bayesian programs, DoseMeRx, InsightRx, and PrecisePK utilized clinically validated neonatal and pediatric models. To optimize vancomycin use in neonatal and pediatric patients, clinicians should focus on selecting a model that best fits their patient population and utilize Bayesian estimation tools for therapeutic AUC-targeted dosing and monitoring.To optimize vancomycin use in neonatal and pediatric patients, clinicians should focus on selecting a model that best fits their patient population and utilize Bayesian estimation tools for therapeutic AUC-targeted dosing and monitoring. To examine the influence of 2 temporal factors-age and injury chronicity-on the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive functioning in older adults with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Outpatient research laboratory. Adults, 50 years or older, with a 1- to 45-year history of moderate or severe TBI (N = 108). Cross-sectional observational study. CR was estimated using demographically corrected performance on a word-reading test (an approximation of premorbid IQ). Injury chronicity was operationalized as number of years since the date of injury. Composite cognitive scores were computed from performances on neuropsychological tests of processing speed, executive functioning, and memory. CR was positively and significantly related to all cognitive performances independent of age, injury chronicity, and injury severity. Greater injury chronicity significantly attenuated the effect of CR on processing speed such that individuals more distal from their injury date evidenced a weaker positive relationship between CR and performance. Temporal factors may modify associations between CR and cognition. Findings suggest that the protective effects of CR are temporally delimited, potentially contending with declines in brain reserve. The prognostic value of traditional outcome determinants should be considered in the context of injury chronicity.Temporal factors may modify associations between CR and cognition. Findings suggest that the protective effects of CR are temporally delimited, potentially contending with declines in brain reserve. The prognostic value of traditional outcome determinants should be considered in the context of injury chronicity. To discern whether there is evidence that individuals who sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) had the greater odds of preexisting health conditions and/or poorer health behaviors than matched controls without TBI. Brain Injury Inpatient Rehabilitation Unit at Mount Sinai Hospital. Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) control data were collected via random-digit-dialing phone survey. TBI cases were enrolled in the TBI Health Study and met at least 1 of the following 4 injury severity criteria abnormal computed tomography scan; Glasgow Coma Scale score between 3 and 12; loss of consciousness greater than 30 minutes; or post-TBI amnesia longer than 24 hours. Sixty-two TBI cases and 171 matched MIDUS controls were included in the analyses; controls were excluded if they reported having a history of head injury. Matched case-control study. Self-reported measures of depression symptoms, chronic pain, health status, alcohol use, smoking status, abuse of controlled substances, physical activity, physic study in larger samples is required to better understand the relative odds of prior health problems in those who sustain a TBI, with a goal of elucidating the implications of preinjury health on post-TBI disease burden. Balance deficits are common after concussions in pediatric patients. see more This study evaluates 3 clinical tools for identifying postconcussion balance deficits in a pediatric population (1) Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS); (2) Balance Error Scoring System (BESS); and (3) physical examination measures of balance tandem gait (TG) and Romberg test. Data were collected in a tertiary care outpatient pediatric sports medicine clinic. English-speaking patients aged 8 to 17 years who presented to a tertiary care hospital-based pediatric sports medicine clinic and diagnosed with concussion between August 2014 and February 2018 were invited to participate. A total of 614 patients were screened and/or approached during the inclusion period and 500 were enrolled. Of those enrolled, 423 patients had complete data collected and analyzed. This is a cross-sectional, observational data set from a longitudinal, prospective study. Data extracted from patients' electronic medical records included physical examination, patients with balance deficits than using TG and Romberg test alone. A single, severe traumatic brain injury can result in chronic sleep disturbances that can persist several years after the incident. In contrast, it is unclear whether there are sleep disturbances after a sports-related concussion (SRC). Considering growing evidence of links between sleep disturbance and neurodegeneration, this review examined the potential links between diagnosed SRCs and sleep disturbances to provide guidance for future studies. The scoping review undertook a systematic search of key online databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, and Web of Science) using predetermined search terms for any articles that examined sleep after concussion. A screening criterion using agreed inclusion and exclusion criteria was utilized to ensure inclusion of relevant articles. This scoping review is guided by the PRSIMA Scoping Review report. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting on 896 adults who had experienced an SRC. Comparison with 1327 non-SRC adults occurred in 8 studies. Nine studiesion.This scoping review indicates preliminary evidence of sleep disturbances following an SRC. The heterogeneity of methodology used in the included studies makes consensus on the results difficult. Given the mediating role of sleep in neurodegenerative disorders, further research is needed to identify physiological correlates and pathological mechanisms of sleep disturbances in SRC-related neurodegeneration and whether interventions for sleep problems improve recovery from concussion and reduce the risk of SRC-related neurodegeneration.