DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study aimed to reduce the inappropriate use of urinary catheters in a rural hospital with limited resources. ART558 manufacturer The findings indicate that by using a change model, such as the Influencer Change Model, it is possible to promote better patient care through empowering healthcare staff to implement accepted protocols more stringently and thereby to decrease the inappropriate use of urinary catheters to 0%. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.DNA recovery from ancient human remains has revolutionized our ability to reconstruct the genetic landscape of the past. Ancient DNA research has benefited from the identification of skeletal elements, such as the cochlear part of the osseous inner ear, that provides optimal contexts for DNA preservation; however, the rich genetic information obtained from the cochlea must be counterbalanced against the loss of morphological information caused by its sampling. Motivated by similarities in developmental processes and histological properties between the cochlea and auditory ossicles, we evaluate the ossicles as an alternative source of ancient DNA. We show that ossicles perform comparably to the cochlea in terms of DNA recovery, finding no substantial reduction in data quantity and minimal differences in data quality across preservation conditions. Ossicles can be sampled from intact skulls or disarticulated petrous bones without damage to surrounding bone, and we argue that they should be used when available to reduce damage to human remains. Our results identify another optimal skeletal element for ancient DNA analysis and add to a growing toolkit of sampling methods that help to better preserve skeletal remains for future research while maximizing the likelihood that ancient DNA analysis will produce useable results. © 2020 Sirak et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.BACKGROUND Popular support for access to abortion and contraceptive services is often based on the idea that they will help women determine the trajectory of their life course. This study examined whether receiving versus being denied an abortion affects aspirational life goal setting and attainment 5 years later. METHODS We compared women who sought and were denied an abortion because they were 3 weeks beyond the gestational limit ('Parenting-Turnaways') to those who received an abortion in the first trimester ('First-Trimesters'); received an abortion within 2 weeks of the facility's gestational limit ('Near-Limits'); and sought an abortion, were turned away and received an abortion elsewhere or placed their baby for adoption ('Non-Parenting-Turnaways'). We used mixed effects logistic regression analyses to estimate the odds of setting an aspirational plan and to estimate the odds of both setting and achieving an aspirational 5-year plan. RESULTS At 1 week post abortion-seeking, 791 women reported 1864 5-year plans, most of which were aspirational (n=1692, 91%). Parenting-Turnaways had lower odds of setting an aspirational 5-year plan than Near-Limits (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.73). There were no differences by group in achieving aspirational 5-year plans among those who had them. CONCLUSIONS Soon after abortion-seeking, women denied a wanted abortion were less optimistic about their long-term futures than women who received a wanted abortion. Abortion access can help women set positive long-term goals. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.A percentage of long-term cancer survivors who receive pelvic irradiation will develop treatment related late effects, collectively termed pelvic radiation disease. Thus, there is a need to prevent or ameliorate treatment related late effects in these patients. Modern radiotherapy methods can preferentially protect normal tissues from radiation toxicities to permit higher doses to targets. However, concerns about chronic small bowel toxicity, for example, still constrain the prescription dose. This provides strong rationale for considering adding pharmacologic mitigators. Implementation of modern targeted radiotherapy methods enables delivery of focused radiation to target volumes, while minimizing dose to normal tissues. In prostate cancer, these technical advances enabled safe radiation dose escalation and better local tumor control without increasing normal tissue complications. In other pelvic diseases these new radiotherapy methods have not resulted in the low probability of normal tissue damage achieved with prostate RT. The persistence of toxicity provides rationale for pharmacologic mitigators. Several new agents could be readily tested in clinical trials because they are being or have been studied in human patients already. Although there are promising pre-clinical data supporting mitigators, no clinically-proven options to treat or prevent pelvic radiation disease currently exist. This review highlights therapeutic options for prevention and/or treatment of pelvic radiation disease, using pharmacologic mitigators. Successful development of mitigators would reduce the number of survivors who suffer from these devastating consequences of pelvic RT. It is important to note that pharmacologic mitigators to ameliorate pelvic radiation disease may be applicable to other irradiated sites in which chronic toxicity impairs quality of life. Copyright ©2020, American Association for Cancer Research.PURPOSE To investigate how induced tumor heterogeneity influences immune responses to radiotherapy (RT) with different proportions of mixed immune responsive and unresponsive tumor cells in a triple negative breast cancer model. It is hypothesized that studying the immune environment of mixed tumors and responses to RT could nominate immune active therapies to enhance immune responses after RT. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Evaluate efficacy and immune responses generated by RT in tumors with different proportions of immunologically responsive and unresponsive tumor cells. Then study the cellular responses and transcriptomic differences between the tumors to nominate immunotherapy combinations with RT and evaluate the combination. RESULTS The addition of the responsive cells to unresponsive tumors led to a greater than expected therapeutic response to RT with both innate and adaptive immune components. There was a distinct change in myeloid cells, greater inflammatory macrophage activity, and enhanced antigen presentation with responsive cells after RT.