The risk of HBV reactivation was not high, even in anti-HBs-negative patients (n = 60, 4% at 5 years), ABO mismatch (n = 92, 4% at 5 years), use of rituximab (n = 66, 3% at 5 years) or plasmapheresis (n = 17, 7% at 5 years), and acute rejection (n = 169, 3% at 5 years). In conclusion, the HBV reactivation risk was not high and the time of detection was not clustered in the early post-KT period. Our findings favour continued watchful monitoring over antiviral prophylaxis in the early period. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.In the field of chiral Brønsted base catalysis, a new generation of chiral catalysts has been highly anticipated to overcome the intrinsic limitation of pronucleophiles that are applicable to the enantioselective reactions. Herein, we reveal conceptually new chiral Brønsted base catalysts consisting of two different organobase functionalities, one of which functions as an organosuperbase and the other as the substrate recognition site. Their prominent activity, which stems from the distinctive cooperative function by the two organobases in a single catalyst molecule, was demonstrated in the unprecedented enantioselective direct Mannich-type reaction of α-phenylthioacetate as a less acidic pronucleophile. The present achievement would provide a new guiding principle for the design and development of chiral Brønsted base catalysts and significantly broaden the utility of Brønsted base catalysis in asymmetric organic synthesis. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal cancers and 12th most common cancer in the world. Due to the inaccessible anatomical position of the pancreas and asymptomatic early stages of this disease, PC has a high mortality rate. Therefore, providing reliable diagnostic and therapeutic tools are the keys to increase the PC survival rate. Nanotechnology is an inchoate field of science that previously scientists' tendency to enhance the efficacy of current preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods has oriented them to build a bridge between this science and medicine. In the case of PC, nanotechnology suggests using drug delivery devices for a more effective and targeted therapy. Chitosan is a natural polymer that recently has attracted a lot of attention for being renewable, nontoxic, and bioabsorbable. In this article, we tend to look for the answer to this question has nanotechnology been successful in using chitosan-based nanoformulations as carriers for preventing more individuals from suffering or at least increasing the 5-year survival of the PC patients? © 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.AIM After extended left colectomy, traditional colorectal anastomosis is often not feasible because of insufficient length of the remaining colon to perform a tension-free anastomosis. Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis could be an alternative but this can lead to unsatisfactory quality of life. Trans-mesenteric colorectal anastomosis or inverted right colonic transposition (the so-called Deloyers procedure) are two possible solutions for creating a tension-free colorectal anastomosis after extended left colectomy. Few studies have reported their results of these two techniques and mostly via laparotomy. The aim of this study was to describe the trans-mesenteric colorectal anastomosis and the inverted right colonic transposition procedure via a laparoscopic approach and report the outcome in a series of 13 consecutive patients. METHOD This was retrospective chart review of laparoscopic colorectal surgery with trans-mesenteric colorectal anastomosis or the inverted right colonic transposition procedure from January 2015 up to 2019. An accompanying video demonstrates these two techniques. RESULTS Thirteen consecutive patients underwent either a laparoscopic trans-mesenteric colorectal anastomosis (n = 9) or an inverted right colonic transposition procedure (n = 4). One patient had intra-operative presacral bleeding that was stopped successfully without conversion. see more Two patients had a postoperative intra-abdominal abscess, but no anastomotic complications were recorded. The median number of bowel movements per day after 6 months was 2 (range 2-5). CONCLUSIONS Trans-mesenteric colorectal anastomosis or the inverted right colonic transposition procedure is feasible laparoscopically. The now well-established classical advantages of the laparoscopic approach are associated with good functional outcome after these procedures. Colorectal Disease © 2020 The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.INTRODUCTION Intra-atrial conduction abnormalities are associated with the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and cause morphological changes of the unipolar atrial electrogram (U-AEGM). This study examined the impact of different atrial programmed electrical stimulation (APES) protocols on U-AEGM morphology to identify the most optimal APES protocol provoking conduction abnormalities. METHODS APES techniques (14 protocols) were applied in 30 patients referred for an electrophysiology study, consisting of fixed rate, extra, and decremental stimuli at different frequencies. U-AEGM morphologies including width, amplitude, and fractionation for patients without (control group) and with a history of AF (AF group) were examined during APES. In addition, sinus rhythm (SR) U-AEGMs preceding different APES protocols were compared to evaluate the morphology stability over time. RESULTS U-AEGM morphologies during SR before the APES protocols were comparable (all P > .396). Atrial refractoriness was longer in the AF group compared to the control group (298 ± 48 vs 255 ± 33 ms; P ≤ .020), but did not differ between AF patients with and without amiodarone therapy (278 ± 48 vs 311 ± 40 ms; P ≥ .126). Compared to the initial SR morphology, U-AEGM width, amplitude, and fractionation changed significantly during the 14 different APES protocols, particularly in the AF group. In both groups, U-AEGM changes in morphology were most pronounced during fixed-rate stimulation with extra stimuli (8S1-S2 = 400-250 ms). CONCLUSION APES results in significant changes in U-AEGM morphology, including width, amplitude, and fractionation. The impact of APES differed between APES sequence and between patients with and without AF. These findings suggest that APES could be useful to identify AF-related conduction abnormalities in the individual patient. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.