Two small calcifications remained and which required additional surgery several years later. Since multiple surgeries were required, we consider that more generous resection margins were necessary from the beginning. In such cases, it might be necessary to perform more extensive surgery that includes asymptomatic calcified areas.In such cases, it might be necessary to perform more extensive surgery that includes asymptomatic calcified areas.We recorded magnetoencephalography data during a visual recognition task in participants with combat exposure (n = 40, age 41.2 ± 7.2 years) to investigate the relationship between the evoked brain activity, behavioral performance, and the severity of their post-traumatic stress symptoms assessed using the PTSD Check List for DSM V version (PCL-5). In an initial study session, participants were presented with a series of images of outdoor scenes and were instructed to study the images for an upcoming recognition test. DNA Damage inhibitor In a subsequent session, the original images were shown intermixed with novel images while participants performed the recognition task. PCL-5 scores were negatively correlated with discrimination performance and with the recognition accuracy for original images. During the recognition session, higher PCL-5 scores were associated with reduced relative power of the evoked response to original images from 100 ms to 300 ms following the image onset over a distributed brain network including the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, left middle frontal gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus, right precuneus and the bilateral superior temporal gyri. These findings indicate that the lower recognition performance in participants with higher PTSD symptom severity is associated with altered cortical activity in brain regions that are known to play a role in the elaboration on visual cues that supports recollection.Rapid inhibition or modification of actions is a crucial cognitive ability, which is impaired in persons with schizophrenia (SZP). Primate neurophysiology studies have identified a network of brain regions that subserves control over gaze. Here, we examine effective connectivity within this oculomotor control network in SZP and healthy controls (HC). During fMRI, participants performed a stop-signal task variant in which they were instructed to saccade to a visual target (no-step trials) unless a second target appeared (redirect trials); on redirect trials, participants were instructed to inhibit the planned saccade and redirect to the new target. We compared functional responses on redirect trials to no-step trials and used dynamic causal modelling (DCM) to examine group differences in network effective connectivity. Behaviorally, SZP were less efficient at inhibiting, which was related to their employment status. Compared to HC, they showed a smaller difference in activity between redirect trials and no-step trials in frontal eye fields (FEF), supplementary eye fields (SEF), inferior frontal cortex (IFC), thalamus, and caudate. DCM analyses revealed widespread group differences in effective connectivity across the task, including different patterns of self-inhibition in many nodes in SZP. Group differences in how effective connectivity was modulated on redirect trials revealed differences between the FEF and SEF, between the SEF and IFC, between the superior colliculus and the thalamus, and self-inhibition within the FEF and caudate. These results provide insight into the neural mechanisms of inefficient inhibitory control in individuals with schizophrenia.Major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a grand challenge to human health and society, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that MDD is associated with abnormal interactions and dynamics in two major neural systems including the default mode - salience (DMN-SAL) network and the executive - limbic (EXE-LIM) network, but it is not clear which network plays a central role and which network plays a subordinate role in MDD pathophysiology. To address this question, we refined a newly developed Multiscale Neural Model Inversion (MNMI) framework and applied it to test whether MDD is more affected by impaired circuit interactions in the DMN-SAL network or the EXE-LIM network. The model estimates the directed connection strengths between different neural populations both within and between brain regions based on resting-state fMRI data collected from normal healthy subjects and patients with MDD. Results show that MDD is primarily characterized by abnormal circuit interactions in the EXE-LIM network rather than the DMN-SAL network. Specifically, we observe reduced frontoparietal effective connectivity that potentially contributes to hypoactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and decreased intrinsic inhibition combined with increased excitation from the superior parietal cortex (SPC) that potentially lead to amygdala hyperactivity, together resulting in activation imbalance in the PFC-amygdala circuit that pervades in MDD. Moreover, the model reveals reduced PFC-to-hippocampus excitation but decreased SPC-to-thalamus inhibition in MDD population that potentially lead to hypoactivity in the hippocampus and hyperactivity in the thalamus, consistent with previous experimental data. Overall, our findings provide strong support for the long-standing limbic-cortical dysregulation model in major depression but also offer novel insights into the multiscale pathophysiology of this debilitating disease. Knee osteoarthritis is often related to physical function impairment. Although total knee arthroplasty is considered effective for advanced cases of knee osteoarthritis, its effects on postural balance is a topic of debate. What are the effects of total knee arthroplasty for primary knee osteoarthritis on postural balance compared to preoperative status and/or to healthy controls?. Longitudinal studies (with more than 1-month follow-up) assessing postural balance measures (either clinical-based such as balance scales or laboratory-based such as postural sway) were considered eligible and selected in a 2-phase process. Six main electronic databases were searched, complemented by 3 grey literature sources. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. A total of 19 studies were included for qualitative synthesis, of which 14 had low and 5 had a moderate risk of bias. The follow-up period ranged from 1-24 months. Most studies (n = 11) presented comparisons to preoperative status only.