9% for beads containing 66.7% (w/w) NaAlg, 33.3% (w/w) MC, IBU/polymer ratio of 1/4, FeCl3 concentration of 0.1 M, and crosslinking time of 90 min. The in vitro release rate was fitted to five empirical equations, and the diffusion exponent n, which indicated that the release mechanism of IBU from beads followed the Anomalous and Case II transport mechanism.This study aims to examine whether two L-amino acid oxidases isolated from Bothrops snake venom (SV-LAAOs) were cytotoxic to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, two causative agents of leishmaniasis, which is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. The SV-LAAOs BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II were isolated from Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni venom, respectively, through a three-step chromatography process that used molecular exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity columns. BmooLAAO-II is a new SV-LAAO isoform that we isolated in this study. The purified BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II had high L-amino acid oxidase-specific activity 3481.17 and 4924.77 U/mg/min, respectively. Both SV-LAAOs were strongly cytotoxic to the two Leishmania species, even at low concentrations. At the same concentration, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II exerted different cytotoxic effects on the parasites. We reported for the first time that the SV-LAAOs suppressed cell proliferation and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of the two Leishmania species. Surprisingly, BjussuLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (L.) amazonensis, while BmooLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (V.) braziliensis, indicating that these SV-LAAOs had a certain specificity of action.Chitosan is a potent biopolymer having promising antimicrobial properties against phytopathogens. Recently, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have gained much attention due to their potential application in the plant disease management. In this study, we reported the green synthesis of chitosan-magnesium (CS-Mg) nanocomposite and its antimicrobial activity against two rice pathogens namely Acidovorax oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani for the first time. The green MgO nanoparticles synthesized by using a native Bacillus sp. strain RNT3, were used to fabricate CS-Mg nanocomposite utilizing one-pot synthesis method. The synthesis of CS-Mg nanocomposite was further confirmed by using UV-vis spectroscopy, whereas, FTIR and XRD analysis showed the capping of CS-Mg nanocomposites by different functional groups together with their crystalline structure, respectively. Besides, SEM and TEM images revealed the spherical shape along with the particles size ranging from 29 to 60 nm. Moreover, EDS analysis confirmed the elemental purity of nanocomposite. The CS-Mg nanocomposite showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against A. oryzae and R. solani and significantly inhibited the growth as compared to non-treated control. The ultrastructure studies showed damaged structure of cell wall and internal cellular organelles after treatment with 100 μg mL-1 CS-Mg nanocomposite. The results of this study indicated that CS-Mg nanocomposite-based antimicrobial agents could be considered as promising nanopesticides against phytopathogens in plant disease management.The overproduction of free radicals can cause oxidative-stress damage to a range of biomolecules, and thus potentially contribute to several pathologies, from neurodegenerative disorders to cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), play an important role in diminishing oxidative stress. SOD supplementation could therefore be an effective preventive strategy to reduce the risk of free-radical overproduction. However, the efficacy of SOD administration is hampered by its rapid clearance. Several different approaches to improve the bioavailability of SOD have been explored in recent decades. This review intends to describe the rationale that underlie the various approaches and chemical strategies that have led to the most recent advances in SOD delivery. This critical description includes SOD conjugates, SOD loaded into particulate carriers (micelles, liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles) and the most promising and suitable formulations for oral delivery, with a particular emphasis on reports of preclinical/clinical results. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.Bacterial adhesion infection caused by medical materials in clinical application has become a serious threat, and it urgently needs new strategies to deal with these clinical challenges. The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of surface-decorated aryl (β-amino) ethyl ketones (AAEK), a promising sorting enzyme A (SrtA) inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus, to improve the anti-adhesion ability of biomaterials. AAEK was covalently grafted onto cellulose films (CF) via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition click reaction. The data of contact angle measurements, ATR-FTIR and XPS proved the successful covalent attachment of AAEK-CF, and the antimicrobial efficacy of AAEK coating was assessed by CFUs, crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy and Living/Dead bacteria staining assay. The results illustrated that AAEK-CF exhibited excellent anti-adhesion ability to Staphylococcus aureus, and significantly reduced the number of bacteria adhering to the film. More importantly, AAEK-CF could hinder the formation of bacterial biofilm. Furthermore, AAEK-CF indicated no cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, and the cells could grow normally on the modified surface. Hence, our present work demonstrated that the grafting of the SrtA inhibitor-AAEK onto cellulose films enabled to combat bacterial biofilm formation in biomedical applications.Lignocellulosic fiber extracted from saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.) is characterized as reinforcement of composite materials. The morphological, physical, thermal and mechanical properties of fibers were addressed for the first time in this paper. The fibers were also subjected to chemical analysis. Guadecitabine purchase Stems were boiled in 0.5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or 10% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Optical and scanning electron microscopy images show an abundance of fiber in the form of thick-walled polygonal tubes. NaOH treatment yielded rough-surfaced fibers whereas the NaHCO3 treatment yielded smooth-surfaced fiber. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that NaOH treatment removed amorphous components. Based on x-ray diffraction, the crystallinity index increased from 55% to 57%. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the fiber was thermally stable up to 220 °C and 235 °C with activation energies of 56 kJ/mol and 72 kJ/mol respectively for bicarbonate-treated and NaOH-treated material.