To establish experimental signatures of this transition, we study the response function, and the correlation function of position u, velocity u[over ̇], and forces F under slow driving with velocity v>0. While at v=0 force or position correlations have a cusp at the origin and then decay at least exponentially fast to zero, this cusp is rounded at a finite driving velocity. We give a detailed analytic analysis for this rounding by velocity, which allows us, given experimental data, to extract the timescale of the response function, and to reconstruct the force-force correlator at v=0. The latter is the central object of the field theory, and as such contains detailed information about the universality class in question. We test our predictions by careful numerical simulations extending over up to ten orders in magnitude.We investigate the impact of composite objects. They consist of a soft layer on top of a rigid part with a hemispherical impacting end. The coefficient of restitution (e) of such objects is studied systematically as a function of the mass ratio and of the nature of the materials. For rather elastic materials, the coefficient of restitution is a nonmonotonic function of the mass ratio and exhibits important variations. AZD9291 The dynamics of the impact can be characterized by several bounces depending on the ratios between the four timescales at play. These include the duration of contact of the rigid part with the substrate and the time for the elastic waves to travel back and forth in the soft layer. In that sense, describing these projectiles requires one to take into account both the Hertzian theory of contact and the elastic waves described by Saint-Venant's approach.We study the response to shear deformations of packings of long spherocylindrical particles that interact via frictional forces with friction coefficient μ. The packings are produced and deformed with the help of molecular dynamics simulations combined with minimization techniques performed on a GPU. We calculate the linear shear modulus g_∞, which is orders of magnitude larger than the modulus g_0 in the corresponding frictionless system. The motion of the particles responsible for these large frictional forces is governed by and increases with the length ℓ of the spherocylinders. One consequence of this motion is that the shear modulus g_∞ approaches a finite value in the limit ℓ→∞, even though the density of the packings vanishes, ρ∝ℓ^-2. By way of contrast, the frictionless modulus decreases to zero, g_0∼ℓ^-2, in accordance with the behavior of density. Increasing the strain beyond a value γ_c∼μ, the packing strain weakens from the large frictional to the smaller frictionless modulus when contacts saturate at the Coulomb inequality and start to slide. In this regime, sliding friction contributes a "yield stress" σ_y=g_∞γ_c and the stress behaves as σ=σ_y+g_0γ. The interplay between static and sliding friction gives rise to hysteresis in oscillatory shear simulations.An optimal finite-time process drives a given initial distribution to a given final one in a given time at the lowest cost as quantified by total entropy production. We prove that for a system with discrete states this optimal process involves nonconservative driving, i.e., a genuine driving affinity, in contrast to the case of a system with continuous states. In a multicyclic network, the optimal driving affinity is bounded by the number of states within each cycle. If the driving affects forward and backwards rates nonsymmetrically, the bound additionally depends on a structural parameter characterizing this asymmetry.A computer simulation technique has been applied to the modeling of radiation redistribution functions in low- and moderate-density magnetized hydrogen plasmas. The radiating dipole is described within the Heisenberg picture, and perturbations by the plasma microfield are accounted for through a time-dependent Stark effect term in the Hamiltonian. Numerical applications are presented for the first Lyman and Balmer lines at plasma conditions relevant to tokamak divertors and magnetized white dwarf atmospheres. In both cases, the collisional redistribution of the radiation frequency is shown to be incomplete. Comparisons with a previously developed impact model are performed, and results are discussed.The definition of boundary at the nanoscale has been a matter of dispute for years. Addressing this issue, the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations in this work investigate the flow characteristics of a simple liquid in a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), and equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations support the range of the NEMD results. The inconsistencies in defining the flow boundary at the nanoscale are understood through the first law of thermodynamics Local thermodynamic properties (the effects of the density distribution, pressure, viscosity, and temperature) define the boundary. We have selected different boundary positions in the CNT to demonstrate the probability of density distribution that also indicates the coexistence of multiple thermodynamic states. Altering the interaction parameters, we produce convergence between the NEMD result and the no-slip Hagen-Poiseuille assumptions. Meanwhile, the results indicate that the boundary position varies between the innermost solid wall and peak density position of the CNT as a function of the input energy or work done in the system. Finally, we reveal that the ratio between the potential energy barrier and the kinetic energy is proportional to the shift of the boundary position away from the innermost solid wall.A new basis has been found for the theory of self-organization of transport avalanches and jet zonal flows in L-mode tokamak plasma, the so-called "plasma staircase" [Dif-Pradalier et al., Phys. Rev. E 82, 025401(R) (2010)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.82.025401]. The jet zonal flows are considered as a wave packet of coupled nonlinear oscillators characterized by a complex time- and wave-number-dependent wave function; in a mean-field approximation this function is argued to obey a discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation with subquadratic power nonlinearity. It is shown that the subquadratic power leads directly to a white Lévy noise, and to a Lévy fractional Fokker-Planck equation for radial transport of test particles (via wave-particle interactions). In a self-consistent description the avalanches, which are driven by the white Lévy noise, interact with the jet zonal flows, which form a system of semipermeable barriers to radial transport. We argue that the plasma staircase saturates at a state of marginal stability, in whose vicinity the avalanches undergo an ever-pursuing localization-delocalization transition.