napus and E. fetida had a positive effect on the removal of pollutants and improved microbial properties. The combination of the organic amendment, B. napus, E. fetida and the actinobacteria consortium was the most effective strategy.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03684.].Comparison is a cognitive process and a method of acquiring geographical knowledge widely promoted within school systems in Germany, France and England. Comparison is an everyday practice, but it is also one of the methods systematically used by geographers and serves various scientific purposes. However, little is known about the functions, extent and objectives of comparison tasks in geography education. selleck kinase inhibitor This study presents an analysis of 20 textbooks from three countries Germany, England and France. In this international comparative study we analysed all cognitive tasks involving comparison using qualitative content analysis and descriptive quantitative methods. We developed a reliable classification system for categorising the objectives of comparison tasks. In our results we demonstrated that a large proportion of comparison tasks in textbooks are simple, lower-order tasks. Also, many complex tasks in the three countries involve inductive processes, although we identified some national differences resulting from differing textbook structures. Our system for classifying the objectives of comparison tasks will help develop meaningful tasks, aiming to enhance students' autonomous and critical thinking, and improve their proficiency in the competencies and methods required in geography education. The Saudi healthcare system is mainly staffed by foreign doctors who constitute about 73% of the total medical workforce. But, the high rate of turnover among these foreigners had deposited an additional unbearable cost and threatens the stability of the provided healthcare services in the country. This study was conducted to explore the professional and personal challenges that were experienced by foreign medical doctors while working in one of the major governmental tertiary-care hospitals in Riyadh city. The study also seeks to explore the factors that could influence or motivate their retention. A qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews was conducted on January 2018. A total of 16 foreign doctors were recruited purposefully using a maximum variation sampling strategy. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis technique. Three primary themes have been emerged based on the data analysis (1) Work-related challenges such as; communication anore important motivators than money for improving the retention of foreign doctors in the country. Several policy actions have been recommended to maintain their essential role. For example; implementing an ethical code to protect them from receiving deceptive hiring information, developing a specialized pocket dictionary to overcome language barriers, embracing "workforce diversity management" techniques to minimize discrimination at institutional level, and finally it is also recommended to include the foreign doctors' family needs and other living related challenges in any future retention strategies. The research about malaria in Colombia has centered mainly on the biomedical (clinical, parasitological, epidemiological and entomological) field, with little focus on qualitative research. Analyzing social categories related to malaria in Colombia, based on qualitative studies published among scientific literature. Systematic review following Cochrane and PRISMA ( ) recommendations. An protocol was applied, comprehensive and reproducible for the search, screening, and extraction of information. Methodological quality was evaluated through SRQR ( ). 10 studies complied with the protocol; these studies interviewed 500 infected or exposed subjects, program administrators, health professionals, and indigenous people. 40 categories were identified, which account for social-economical, cultural and ecological determiners of malaria; insights and ways to understand the disease at an individual level; malaria consequences, and medical attention, disease control and elimination actions. A wide variety of populations and subjects was considered. They show similar qualitative evidence on structural determiners, family-individual effects, and ways to understand malaria. Motivations to participate in disease interventions are less known, and they constitute the central axis for subsequent studies aimed to improve community engagement in disease control and elimination initiatives.A wide variety of populations and subjects was considered. They show similar qualitative evidence on structural determiners, family-individual effects, and ways to understand malaria. Motivations to participate in disease interventions are less known, and they constitute the central axis for subsequent studies aimed to improve community engagement in disease control and elimination initiatives.Ticks are important vectors of both animal and human pathogens. The epidemiology of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) has dramatically changed in several regions in the world. As parasitology is a continuously growing field, assessing the knowledge of veterinary medicine students provides useful indicators and information on the level of intervention required to adapt parasitological courses to meet the demands in a changing world. This study aimed to assess, in three North African veterinary education establishments, the basic parasitology knowledge of veterinary medicine students. Such a study is essential to build up core competencies regarding ticks and TBDs, and to suggest suitable adjustment measures to parasitology courses. The present study was based on a self-administered and anonymous questionnaire on ticks and TBDs basic knowledge and perception. The survey was completed by 558 veterinary medicine students in Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia in 2018. The students were divided into two groups the "before" groupon ticks. According to this group, the most frequent factor that has influences on ticks' abundance is heat (53.02%). As North African countries share several similitudes, we suggest creating a network of parasitological teachers where common teaching sources and resources could be developed for both teachers and students in the region. This network would allow the exchange of teaching approaches and materials to introduce harmonization into veterinary parasitological courses across North African countries. This is particularly important when considering the increasing incidence of ticks and TBDs in the region.