The detailed energetic investigation together with the related structural and dynamics counterparts revealed the molecular mechanisms of chimeric improvement of the xylanase activity observed experimentally. This mechanism was correlated with greater stability and high connectivity at the interdomain interface in the xylose bound relative to the free chimera. We identify the contributions of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and water-mediated interactions in the interdomain region responsible for stability together with the structural and dynamical elements related to the allosteric effect. Taken together, these observations led to a comprehensive understanding of the chimera's modulatory action that occurs through the formation of a highly connected interface that makes the essential movements related to xylanolytic activity in xylanase correlated to those of the xylose-binding protein.Recently, progress has been made in the understanding of anomalous vibrational excitations in amorphous solids. In the lowest-frequency region, the vibrational spectrum follows a non-Debye quartic law, which persists up to zero frequency without any frequency gap. This gapless vibrational density of states (vDOS) suggests that glasses are on the verge of instability. This feature of marginal stability is now highlighted as a key concept in the theories of glasses. In particular, the elasticity theory based on marginal stability predicts the gapless vDOS. Fluspirilene However, this theory yields a quadratic law and not the quartic law. To address this inconsistency, we presented a new type of instability, which is different from the conventional one, and proposed that amorphous solids are marginally stable considering the new instability in the preceding study [M. Shimada, H. Mizuno and A. Ikeda, Soft Matter, 2020, 16, 7279]. In this study, we further extend and detail the results for these instabilities. By analyzing various examples of disorder, we demonstrate that real glasses in finite spatial dimensions can be marginally stable by the proposed novel instability.A copper-chitosan-black phosphorus nanocomposite (CuNPs-Chit-BP) was fabricated by electrochemically depositing copper nanoparticles onto a black phosphorus-modified glassy carbon electrode in chitosan solution. CuNPs demonstrated a uniform distribution on the Chit-BP modified GCE with an average size of 20 nm. Electrochemical methods were used to study the catalytic activity of the CuNPs-Chit-BP nanocomposite toward hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrical conductivity, good biocompatibility and highly efficient electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen peroxide reduction in the range of 10 μM-10.3 mM with a detection limit of 0.390 μM. The present work proposed a new strategy to explore novel BP-based non-enzymatic biosensing platforms.Under catalyst-free conditions, an efficient method to synthesize 2-pyridinylamides has been developed, and the protocol uses inexpensive and readily available 2-fluoropyridine and amidine derivatives as the starting materials. Simultaneously, the copper-catalysed approach to imidazopyridine derivatives has been established with high chemoselectivity and regiospecificity. The results suggest that the nitrogen-heterocycles containing iodide substituents can also be compatible for the reaction via the cascade Ullmann-type coupling, and the nucleophilic substitution reaction provides the target products in a one-pot manner.Canine parvovirus (CPV), a strong infectious canine pathogen, has been recognized as a threat to canine health worldwide since the 1970s. Although convenient detection methods have been developed, such as the colloidal gold test strip, most of these methods are based on antibody detection, which is relatively ineffective for detecting pathogens during the incubation period. For institutions and businesses with many dogs, e.g., dog training centers and kennels, more sensitive detection methods are required to prevent the swift spread of CPV. Thus, we developed accelerated denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification (ASEA) for CPV detection, and it is a rapid, convenient, and cost-effective method. ASEA was able to distinguish CPV genomic DNA in a mixture that included canine genomic DNA as well as nucleic acids sourced from nine other common pathogens, with detection of target DNA as low as 8.0 × 10-18 M within 16.6 min. Coupled with the thermal lysis method modified by us that only requires 3 min to perform, the entire detection procedure can be completed within approximately 20 min and only requires a simple heating block and an ordinary fluorescence PCR instrument. Moreover, ASEA exhibited greater sensitivity than colloidal gold test strips in actual specimen detection. This technique is rapid, easy to perform, and highly sensitive, and therefore, this approach has the potential to rapidly detect CPV in institutions with large populations of dogs.The abnormal accumulation and deposition of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) are important causes of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The common anti-amyloid strategy employs inhibitors to prevent the formation of oligomers and the cytotoxicity caused by them, thus reducing the production of amyloid fibres. Therefore, the real characterization of the oligomers formed at the early stage of aggregation is crucial to understanding the structure of IAPP and the drug development of T2DM. For the first time, in this study, native cold-spray ionization mass spectrometry (CSI-MS) technology was employed to characterize the oligomers. It was found that CSI was more suitable for the determination of these unstable species compared to traditional ESI-MS. The ionic strengths, organic solvent and pH all had effects on the characterization of oligomers and the stability of protein conformation. The MS/MS experiments showed that odd-charge dimer ions were mainly composed of two monomer products. Moreover, a CSI-MS method for the rapid screening of IAPP-inhibitors was established and two of the most potential inhibitors (rutin and quercitrin) were screened from a series of flavonoids. Then, the structure-activity relationship and the mechanism between flavonoids and IAPP were studied. The results showed that 3-OH and sugar chains play a vital role and hydrogen bonds are the main binding force. We further confirmed that rutin and quercitrin could effectively inhibit the fibre formation of IAPP by fluorescence and TEM experiments. This study provides a new insight for analyzing the structure of IAPP and screening potential drugs for T2DM.