05) reduced in all anandamide-treated sperm doses compared to control, with no difference in proportion of dead acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. In conclusion, anandamide supplementation in the extender increases the post-thaw quality of low sperm doses during cryopreservation in bulls.Ethanol consumption is a major cause of male infertility, but the exact mechanism is still largely unknown. This study attempted to investigate the effect of ethanol on sperm morphology, acrosome reaction status and the alteration of the testicular protein expressions. Fourteen male rats were divided into control and ethanol groups (n = 7/each group). Ethanol-treated rats received ethanol (5 g/kg, 40% v/v) via oral gavage for consecutive 14 days. Testosterone hormone, sperm parameters, and testicular and epididymal histopathologies were evaluated. In addition, the expressions of testicular proteins including androgen receptor (AR), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and tyrosine-phosphorylated (TyrPho) proteins were investigated. The results showed that ethanol significantly increased percentage of abnormal sperm morphology and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. Some seminiferous and ductus epididymal histopathologies were observed in ethanol-treated rats. Significantly, ethanol reduced serum testosterone and expressions of testicular AR and TyrPho proteins. However, the overexpression of StAR and HSP70 proteins in ethanol testis was found. It was concluded that the changes in testicular protein expressions may be involved in mechanism of male infertility caused from ethanol consumption.Breastfeeding is recognised globally as the optimal method of infant feeding. For Murphy (1999) its nutritional superiority positions breastfeeding as a moral imperative where mothers who formula-feed are open to charges of maternal deviance and must account for their behaviour. read more We suggest that this moral superiority of breastfeeding is tenuous for mothers from marginalised contexts and competes with discourses which locate breastfeeding, rather than formula feeding, as maternal deviance. We draw on focus group and interview data from 27 adolescent mothers from socio-economically deprived neighbourhoods in three areas of the UK, and five early years professionals working at a Children's Centre in the Northeast of England. We argue that breastfeeding is constructed as deviance at three 'levels' as (i) a deviation from broad social norms about women's bodies, (ii) a deviation from local mothering behaviours and (iii) a transgression within micro-level interpersonal and familial relationships. Given this positioning of breastfeeding as deviant, breastfeeding mothers feel obliged to account for their deviance. In making this argument, we extend and rework Murphy's (1999) framework to encompass diverse experiences of infant feeding. We conclude with reflections on future research directions and potential implications for practice.Genetic variation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) was found to modulate the insulin resistance of adipose tissues, but the underlying mechanism was not clear. To investigate how the IRS-1 was involved in the browning of white adipose tissue through miRNA, we identified a mutated Irs-1 (Irs-1-/- ) mice model and found that this mice had a reduced subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) and increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the interscapular region. So we isolated the bone marrow stromal cells and analyzed differentially expressed miRNAs and adipogenesis-related genes with miRNA arrays and PCR arrays. Irs-1-/- mice showed decreased miR-503 expression, but increased expression of its target, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1a (BMPR1a). Overexpression of miR-503 in preadipocytes downregulated BMPR1a and impaired adipogenic activity through the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway, while the inhibitor had the opposite effect. In both Irs-1-/- and cold-induced models, sWAT exhibited BAT features, and showed tissue-specific increased BMPR1a expression, PI3K expression, and Akt phosphorylation. Thus, our results showed that IRS-1 regulated brown preadipocyte differentiation and induced browning in sWAT through the miR-503-BMPR1a pathway, which played important roles in high-fat diet-induced obesity. In the setting of the reconstruction for a large defect, we must make the maximum use of the limited human tissue with the minimum damage. In this article, we report on reconstruction using a combination of three-skin paddle latissimus dorsi and a scapular flap for a large defect after soft tissue sarcoma resection to minimize donor site morbidity. From 2000 to 2012, six patients underwent primary reconstruction using free or pedicled triple-lobe combined latissimus dorsi and scapular flap after wide resection of soft tissue sarcoma. There were five male patient and one female, and their average age was 66.8 (range, 49-80 years). The location of the defects was the thoracic wall in three, the thigh in one, the knee in one, and the shoulder in one. The average size of the defect was 18.8 × 13.9 cm. The average size of the ascending scapular flap and the skin paddle of the latissimus dorsi flap was 6.8 × 13 cm and 7.3 × 14.7 cm. One patient had partial necrosis of the skin paddle of the latissimus dorsi flap, which was treated conservatively. The triple-lobe combined latissimus dorsi and scapular flaps survived completely in five cases. Neither anastomosis complications nor infections were encountered. The average follow-up period was 63.67 months. All patients were satisfied functionally and esthetically with the reconstruction outcomes at the end of follow-up. In conclusion, the triple-lobe combined latissimus dorsi and scapular flap is one of the options for reconstruction of a large defect after sarcoma resection to minimize donor site morbidity.In conclusion, the triple-lobe combined latissimus dorsi and scapular flap is one of the options for reconstruction of a large defect after sarcoma resection to minimize donor site morbidity.In this study, we compared the weight of the prostate specimen removed after robotic radical prostatectomy with the prostate weight measured pre-operatively by four different imaging modalities. Pre-operative prostate weight before robotic radical prostatectomy was measured by Transabdominal Ultrasonography (TAUS), Transrectal Ultrasonography (TRUS), Abdominal Tomography (CT) and MultiparametricProstate Magnetic Resonance imaging (mpMRI). Of the 170 patients enrolled in the study, the mean age was 65.2 ± 7.08 (46-84) years and mean prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 9.6 ± 7.7 (1.8-50). The mean post-operative actual prostate weight was 63.1 ± 30 gr. The mean pre-operative prostate volumes measured by TAUS, TRUS, CT and MPMRI were 64.5 ± 28.5, 49.1 ± 30.6, 54.5 ± 30.5 and 68.7 ± 31.7 ml, respectively (p less then .001). Post-operative actual prostate weight correlated with prostate weight measured by TAUS, TRUS, CT and mpMRI (r coefficient 0.776, 0.802, 0.768 and 0.825 respectively). The best of these was mpMRI.