A trifluoroacetic-acid-mediated desulfurilative sulfonylthiolation of arenes using SS-morpholino dithiosulfonate is described. This system is based on selective activation of the morpholino group over the tosyl group of the doubly transformable sulfur surrogate. Mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction proceeds through electrophilic aromatic substitution followed by sulfur extrusion. The wide substrate scope of this reaction and the transformability of the resulting thiosulfonates enable expeditious access to divergent multifunctionalized sulfides.Any chemist studying the interaction of molecules with lipid assemblies will eventually be confronted by the topic of membrane bilayer heterogeneity and may ultimately encounter the heterogeneity of natural membranes. In artificial bilayers, heterogeneity is defined by phase segregation that can be in the nano- and micrometer range. In biological bilayers, heterogeneity is considered in the context of small (10-200 nm) sterol and sphingolipid-enriched heterogeneous and highly dynamic domains. Several techniques can be used to assess membrane heterogeneity in living systems. Our approach is to use a fluorescent reporter molecule immersed in the bilayer, which, by changes in its spectroscopic properties, senses physical-chemistry aspects of the membrane. This dye in combination with microscopy and fluctuation techniques can give information about membrane heterogeneity at different temporal and spatial levels going from average fluidity to number and diffusion coefficient of nanodomains. LAURDAN (6-dodecanoyl-2, and the application of phasor analysis allows pixel by pixel understanding of these two parameters in the membrane. To increase temporal resolution, LAURDAN GP was combined with fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and the motility of nanometric highly packed structures in biological membranes was registered. Lately the application of phasor analysis to spectral images from membranes labeled with LAURDAN allows us to study the full spectra pixel by pixel in an image. All these methodologies, using LAURDAN, offer the possibility to address different properties of membranes depending on the question being asked. In this Account, we will focus on the principles, advantages, and limitations of different approaches to orient the reader to select the most appropriate technique for their research.Cloud-hosted environments offer known benefits when computational needs outstrip affordable local workstations, enabling high-performance computation without a physical cluster. What has been less apparent, especially to novice users, is the transformative potential for cloud-hosted environments to bridge the digital divide that exists between poorly funded and well-resourced laboratories, and to empower modern research groups with remote personnel and trainees. Using cloud-based proteomic bioinformatic pipelines is not predicated on analyzing thousands of files, but instead can be used to improve accessibility during remote work, extreme weather, or working with under-resourced remote trainees. The general benefits of cloud-hosted environments also allow for scalability and encourage reproducibility. Since one possible hurdle to adoption is awareness, this paper is written with the nonexpert in mind. The benefits and possibilities of using a cloud-hosted environment are emphasized by describing how to setup an example workflow to analyze a previously published label-free data-dependent acquisition mass spectrometry data set of mammalian urine. Cost and time of analysis are compared using different computational tiers, and important practical considerations are described. Overall, cloud-hosted environments offer the potential to solve large computational problems, but more importantly can enable and accelerate research in smaller research groups with inadequate infrastructure and suboptimal local computational resources.Research on residential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment has predominantly focused on the U.S. veteran population, whereas limited research exists regarding active duty service members. The present study evaluated outcomes among service members who received treatment in the Department of Defense's only residential PTSD program, Overcoming Adversity and Stress Injury Support (OASIS). IK-930 Over a 5-year period, 289 male service members with combat-related PTSD received treatment in the program. Service members completed an initial assessment and weekly PTSD and depression self-report measures during the 10-week program. Multilevel modeling results demonstrated statistically significant reductions in PTSD. On average, participants reported a 0.76-point reduction on the PTSD Checklist, B = -0.76, p less then .001, for each additional week of treatment. Pretreatment symptom scores and fitness-for-duty status predicted PTSD symptoms across time. Weekly changes in depression symptoms were not statistically significant; however, a significant Time × Pretreatment Depression Severity interaction emerged. Service members with higher baseline levels of depression severity showed larger reductions in depression symptom severity than those with lower levels, B = -0.02, p = .020, although a sizeable minority continued to retain symptoms at diagnostic levels. Depression symptom change was not related to any other treatment- or service-related variables. Differing trajectories were found between service members whose symptoms improved over the course of residential treatment and those who did not. The results indicate that there were larger improvements in PTSD than depression symptoms and highlight the need to optimize care provision for service members with severe PTSD or comorbid symptoms. Sodium intake is expected to affect water needs, although compensation mechanisms may not work efficiently particularly in older adults. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to quantify the association between sodium excretion and hydration status in a representative sample of Portuguese older adults. A cluster sampling approach was used, representing Portuguese older adults (≥65years) according to sex, education level and region. From a sample size of 1500 participants, 1318 were eligible for the present analysis. A 24-h urine sample was collected, and volume, osmolality, creatinine and sodium were quantified. Free water reserve (FWR) was used to assess hydration status. Excessive sodium intake was defined as above 2000mgday as recommended by the World Health Organization. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between FWR and sodium excretion. Odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Excessive sodium excretion was observed in 80.