Poorer, hotter countries are more vulnerable to climate change and will experience more negative impacts. The pattern of vulnerability between countries is used to impute impacts for income deciles within countries, for administrative regions, and for grid cells. Almost three-quarters of people will face worse impacts than their country average. Between-country variation is larger than within-country variation for income deciles and regions, and about as large for grid cells. I here revisit earlier estimates of the economic impact of climate change and extend the analysis to impute the distribution of impacts within countries. To evaluate the surgical outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with air tamponade in medium-large macular holes (MHs). Data for 26 eyes of 26 consecutive patients with medium-large full-thickness MHs (> 400 μm) who underwent PPV, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, and sterile air tamponade were studied retrospectively. Best-corrected visual acuity and the closure rate were noted. The follow-up period was one to 20 months (median, four months). The age range of the patients was 53-73 years (median, 65 years). The mean minimum diameter of the MHs was 550 ± 99 μm. Prior to surgery, 10 eyes (38 per cent) were stage three, and 16 eyes (62 per cent) were stage four. The pre-operative symptom duration ranged from one month to 24 months (median, four months). Twenty-four MHs (92.3 per cent) were successfully closed after a single operation. Two (7.7 per cent) patients had a persistent MH. The average visual acuity, calculated as the logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution, improved from 1.44 ± 0.45 pre-operatively to 0.54 ± 0.29 at the end of the follow-up period (p < 0.001, paired t-test). Vitrectomy with ILM peeling and sterile air tamponade is an effective and safe surgical technique for managing medium-large MHs with a shorter history and does not require intravitreal long-acting gas tamponade while maintaining a long-term, face-down position.Vitrectomy with ILM peeling and sterile air tamponade is an effective and safe surgical technique for managing medium-large MHs with a shorter history and does not require intravitreal long-acting gas tamponade while maintaining a long-term, face-down position.New methods are described for converting 2D electrospun nanofiber membranes to 3D hierarchical assemblies with structural and compositional gradients. Pore-size gradients are generated by tuning the expansion of 2D membranes in different layers with incorporation of various amounts of a surfactant during the gas-foaming process. The gradient in fiber organizations is formed by expanding 2D nanofiber membranes composed of multiple regions collected by varying rotating speeds of mandrel. A compositional gradient on 3D assemblies consisting of radially aligned nanofibers is prepared by dripping, diffusion, and crosslinking. Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the 3D nanofiber assemblies with smaller pore size show significantly higher expression of hypoxia-related markers and enhanced chondrogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs cultured on the assemblies with larger pore size. The basic fibroblast growth factor gradient can accelerate fibroblast migration from the surrounding area to the center in an in vitro wound healing model. Taken together, 3D nanofiber assemblies with gradients in pore sizes, fiber organizations, and contents of signaling molecules can be used to engineer tissue constructs for tissue repair and build biomimetic disease models for studying disease biology and screening drugs, in particular, for interface tissue engineering and modeling.Karyotypic analysis at time of diagnosis has an important value in determining initial response to treatment, remission duration and overall survival (OS) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Less is known about its value before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in patients transplanted with active disease, either relapsed or primary refractory (Rel-Ref) AML. We explored the impact of cytogenetic risk (stratification according to MRC-UK) in 2089 patients with either Ref (n = 972) or Rel AML (n = 1117) transplanted during the period 2000-2017. Overall, 154 patients had a favorable risk, 1283 had an intermediate risk and 652 had an adverse cytogenetic risk. selleck inhibitor Median follow-up was 49 months. Compared to the favorable risk group, intermediate and adverse risk patients were associated with worse leukemia-free survival and OS and also with a higher incidence of relapse. In a subgroup analysis of patients in the intermediate risk group harboring Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD), this remained an important prognostic factor, being associated with worse outcomes. When analyzing patients according to the intensity of the conditioning regimen, no differences were observed for the main transplant outcomes. In conclusion, in patients diagnosed with AML and transplanted with active disease, karyotype remains an important prognostic factor, allowing splitting patients into different risk groups according to their cytogenetics. Similarly, FLT3-ITD mutation also remains a negative prognostic factor in this population. Ethanol (EtOH) self-administration is particularly sensitive to the modulation of CB signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, and EtOH consumption increases extracellular levels of the endogenous cannabinoid CB receptor agonist 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in this brain region. Stimulation of CB receptor with agonists increases EtOH consumption, suggesting that EtOH-induced increases in 2-AG might sustain motivation for EtOH intake. In order to further explore this hypothesis, we analyzed the alterations in operant EtOH self-administration induced by intra-NAc shell infusions of 2-AG itself, the CB inverse agonist SR141716A, the 2-AG clearance inhibitor URB602, anandamide, and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor nimesulide. Surprisingly, self-administration of 10% EtOH was dose-dependently reduced by either intra-NAc shell SR141716A or 2-AG infusions. Similar effects were found by intra-NAc shell infusions of URB602, suggesting again a role for accumbal 2-AG on the modulation of EtOH intake.