Powered air purifying respirators (PAPR) are an option for healthcare workers requiring respiratory protection during the current COVID-19 pandemic; they are shared between multiple people. PAPR hoods are intended for multiple uses by a single user and may pose an infection risk between wearers. Internal components of PAPR hoods and corrugated air supply hoses were swabbed for evidence of bacterial, fungal, common respiratory viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination. Twenty-five PAPR hoods were swabbed; 10 (40%) returned positive results. Bacterial growth was detected on six PAPR; five of the PAPR tested positive for fungal growth; all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 and common respiratory viruses. Bacteria and fungi can remain on internal components of PAPR hoods and air supply hoses despite following recommended disinfection procedures. PAPR hoods have the potential to act as fomites, cross-infecting wearers, and patients. Current guidelines for disinfecting PAPR hoods may not be effective for use in high risk healthcare environments.Bacteria and fungi can remain on internal components of PAPR hoods and air supply hoses despite following recommended disinfection procedures. PAPR hoods have the potential to act as fomites, cross-infecting wearers, and patients. Current guidelines for disinfecting PAPR hoods may not be effective for use in high risk healthcare environments. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are monitored in Italy through a national surveillance system. PD0325901 research buy A 4-element bundle was introduced in 2012, consisting of appropriate preoperative shower and hair removal, perioperative normothermia, and antibiotic prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the intervention on SSI rates after colon surgery. A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2008 and 2019 in 29 hospitals of northern Italy. An interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) was modeled to assess the bundle's impact on SSI trends. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of SSI among procedures performed in the postintervention period, comparing full and partial bundle compliance. Data of 5487 colon surgery procedures were collected (1243 preintervention and 4244 postintervention). The ITSA identified a significant change in the monthly postintervention SSI trend of -0.19% and a change in level of -2.09%. A significant protective effect of full bundle compliance compared to partial bundle compliance (OR 0.74, P.043) was found, whereas the single effect of the bundle elements was nonsignificant. Results of this study suggest this relatively simple bundle protocol is effective in reducing SSI risk.Results of this study suggest this relatively simple bundle protocol is effective in reducing SSI risk.Despite recent in advances in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), development of targeted therapy remains challenging particularly in patients with recurrent or metastatic disease. To search for clinically relevant targets for the treatment of NPC, we carried out parallel genome-wide functional screens to identified essential genes that are required for NPC cells proliferation and cisplatin resistance. We identified lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) as a key vulnerability of both proliferation and cisplatin resistance. Depletion of endogenous LCK or treatment of cells with LCK inhibitor induced tumor-specific cell death and synergized cisplatin sensitivity in EBV-positive C666-1 and EBV-negative SUNE1 cells. Further analyses demonstrated that LCK is regulating the proliferation and cisplatin resistance through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). Taken together, our study provides a molecular basis for targeting LCK and STAT5 signaling as potential druggable targets for the management of NPC.Macrophages, which are highly plastic, can be polarized to M1 or M2 subtypes according to the diverse signals in complex microenvironment. Studies have shown the activation of YAP, an oncogenic transcriptional co-activator, increased macrophage recruitment. However, its role in macrophage polarization remains to be elucidated, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression. Here we found TNBC cells increased YAP expression in macrophages, which depended on OTUD5-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of YAP, then the high expression of YAP polarized macrophage to the M2-like phenotype. Moreover, the elevation of YAP in M2-like macrophage promotes the pro-metastatic potential of TNBC cells via MCP-1/CCR2 pathway. We also observed high expression of YAP in M2 macrophage was negatively related to survival. Collectively, our finding suggested the therapeutic strategy that targets YAP+ M2 macrophage could be a novel option for TNBC treatment.Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite advances of surgery and chemotherapy in osteosarcoma over the past decades, overall survival rates of osteosarcoma have reached a plateau. The development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) has become the main obstacle in improving chemotherapeutic effects in osteosarcoma treatment. Therefore, understanding detailed mechanisms of chemoresistance and developing novel therapeutic targets to overcome chemoresistance are crucial to improve the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. Accumulating evidence has proved that multiple noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) play pivotal roles in osteosarcoma progression. Notably, a great number of ncRNAs are abnormally expressed and can regulate chemosensitivity through various mechanisms in osteosarcoma. In this review, we systematically summarize the roles of ncRNAs as well as the molecular mechanisms in modulating drug resistance of osteosarcoma and discuss the potential roles of ncRNAs as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma.β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural molecule intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Preclinical evidences point to the beneficial effect of NMN administration on several age-related conditions. The present work aimed at studying mutagenicity, and genotoxicity, acute oral toxicity and subchronic oral toxicity of a high purity synthetic form of NMN (NMN-C®) following the OECD guidelines. In the experimental conditions tested, NMN-C® was not mutagenic or genotoxic. Acute toxicity assay revealed that at an oral limit dose of 2666 mg/kg, NMN-C® did not lead to any mortality or treatment-related adverse signs. Over a 90-day sub-chronic period of repeated oral administration of NMN-C® at doses of 375, 750 and 1500 mg/kg/d followed by a 28-day treatment-free recovery period, NMN-C® appeared to be safe and did not promote toxic effects as seen from body weight change, food and water consumption, feed conversion efficiency, biochemical and blood parameters as well as organ toxicity and histological examinations of main organs.