Purpose This study investigated whether the mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) has been successfully integrated into the Chinese context, following its introduction as part of the national general training programme. Materials and methods Online questionnaires (N = 91) and interviews (N = 22) were conducted with Year 1 trainee doctors and clinical supervisors at a cancer hospital in China to explore users' experiences, attitudes and opinions of the mini-CEX. Results" Trainees were more likely than supervisors to report understanding the purpose of the mini-CEX and agree that it encouraged reflection and helped improve overall performance. Both trainees and supervisors felt that it provided a framework for learning, that it was useful in identifying underperformance, and that it informed learning progression. Groups were equally positive about the commitment of their counterpart in the process and valued the focus on detailed feedback. It was perceived as cultivating the learner-teacher relationship. Overall, both groups felt they 'bought in' to using the mini-CEX. However, concerns were raised about subjectivity of ratings and lack of benchmarking with expected standards of care. Conclusions Chinese trainees and supervisors generally perceived the mini-CEX as an acceptable and valuable medical training tool, although both groups suggested enhancements to improve its efficacy.As of 1 November 2020, estimated case-fatality rates associated with coronavirus disease 2019 are not uniformly patterned across the world and differ substantially in magnitude. Given the global spatial heterogeneity in case-fatality rates, we applied the Blinder-Oaxaca regression decomposition technique to identify how putative sociodemographic, structural, and environmental sources influence variation in case-fatality rates. We show that compositional and associational differences in country-level risk factors explain a substantial proportion of the coronavirus disease 2019-related case-fatality rate gap across nations. Asian countries fair better vis-à-vis case-fatality rate differences mainly due to variation in returns to sociodemographic, structural, and environmental sources among their citizens, relative to those who share similar attributes but live in Europe or North America. The variation in case-fatality rate is driven by Asian populations being better able to buffer the harmful effects of the very risk factors purported to exacerbate the risk of coronavirus disease 2019-related death. The dire circumstances in which we find ourselves demand better understanding of how preexisting conditions across countries contribute to observed disparities in case-fatality rates.Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated autophagy is indispensable for modulation of replication and pathogenesis of numerous mammalian viruses. We have previously shown that classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection induces ERS-mediated autophagy for maintaining viral replication both in vivo and in vitro, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclarified. Here we found that CSFV infection activates the PERK pathway-dependent complete autophagy to promote viral replication in cultured PK-15 and 3D4/2 cells. Likewise, our results also suggested the essential roles of the IRE1/GRP78-mediated complete autophagy in CSFV replication in vitro. Furthermore, we suggested that CSFV infection induces activation of the PERK and IRE1 pathway for potential immunoregulation via promoting transcription of proinflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ and TNF-α) genes in the CSFV-infected cells. Finally, pharmacological treatment of PERK- or IRE1-pathway regulators, and the corresponding SiRNAs interventions did not affect the viabilities of the cells, excluding the potential interference elicited by altered cell viabilities. Taken together, our results suggest that CSFV infection induces complete autophagy through activation of the PERK and IRE1 pathway to facilitate viral replication in cultured cells, and modulation of proinflammatory cytokines may be a potential mechanism involved in this event. Our findings will open new horizons for molecular mechanisms of sustainable replication and pathogenesis of CSFV, and lay a theoretical foundation for the development of ERS-autophagy-targeting therapeutic strategies for clinical control of CSF.The monitoring of Aedes urban species is usually conducted by ovitraps, which can provide a good estimate of population density at low cost and relatively easy management. When the monitoring network is managed by many operators, as in the case of the Emilia-Romagna regional plan, it becomes necessary to develop a quality control methodology capable of highlighting the possible data incoherency and ensuring that the monitoring system provides reliable data.This paper presents the procedure applied in the egg counting phase as developed in Emilia-Romagna in order to check the data quality and validate the data before being included in the database.Several steps have been identified and protocols developed to serve quality control such as training of technicians and intralaboratory quality check, daily random double counting of Masonite paddles and interlaboratory periodic comparison.The qualitative test showed that all operators were able to distinguish Aedes albopictus eggs from other mosquito species eggs. check details The quantitative test showed significant differences between the 11 operators, with a relative error resulting in the range of 0.1-25.8%.The daily internal double counting of randomly extracted Masonite slides was performed by the coordinator showing a relative error in the range 2.47-2.63% without statistical differences, confirming a good alignment of the operators with the coordinator throughout the monitoring period.The interlaboratory comparison trial produced an average relative error of 7.20% showing a sufficient alignment between the three laboratories.Moreover a new time-saving methods in egg counting was developed and tested in real condition.Background The pursuit of health equity is a priority in Ethiopia, especially with regards to maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH). To date, there has been little characterization of the 'problem' of health inequity, and the normative assumptions implicit in the representation of the problem. Yet, such insights have implications for shaping the framing, incentivization, and implementation of health policies and their wider impact. Objective In this article, we characterize how health (in)equity is represented as a policy issue, how this representation came about, and the underlying assumptions. Methods We draw from Bacchi's 'what is the problem represented to be' approach to explore how national-level actors in the health sector constitute the problem. The data for our analysis encompass 23 key informant interviews with national health sector actors working in leadership positions on MNCH in Ethiopia, and six policy documents. Findings were derived from thematic and content analysis. Results Health inequity is a normalized and inevitable concern that is regarded as actionable (can be altered) but not fully resolvable (can never be fully achieved).