We found positive associations of maternal exposure to residential surrounding greenspace across a 100 m buffer, frequent viewing of greenspace through the window, percentage of window area covered by greenspace, residential proximity to any green space regardless of its area, time spent in public green spaces and total time spent in public and private green spaces with birth weight. We also observed positive associations of maternal exposure to residential surrounding greenspace across 300 m and 500 m buffers, residential proximity to a green space with an area ≥5000 m2, and indoor plant pots with birth weight, but none of these associations were statistically significant. The magnitude of the associations tended to be higher among parents with lower socioeconomic status. Mediation through air pollution or visual access was not established. Findings from this study suggested a positive role of different aspects of exposure to greenspace during pregnancy on birth weight in a middle-income country. To summarise the major types of SARS-CoV-2 cluster infections worldwide through a comprehensive systematic review. All studies published between 01 January-15 June 2020 on COVID-19 cluster infections in English electronic databases were searched, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. All included studies were independently screened and evaluated by two authors, and information from each study was extracted using a standard form. Sixty-five studies were included, which involved 108 cluster infections from 13 countries, areas or territories. Seventy-two (66.7%) of the cluster infections were reported in China. The major types of cluster infections were families, community transmission, nosocomial infection, gatherings, transportation, shopping malls, conferences, tourists, religious organisations, workers, prisons, offices, and nursing homes. The SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted in various circumstances, and cluster infections play an important role in the rapid evolution of COVID-19 transmission. Prevention and control measures such as social distancing must be strictly implemented to contain these cluster infections.The SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted in various circumstances, and cluster infections play an important role in the rapid evolution of COVID-19 transmission. Prevention and control measures such as social distancing must be strictly implemented to contain these cluster infections. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy profile of low-dose tocilizumab (TCZ), to prevent disease progression, subcutaneously administered to patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were retrospectively analysed of patients - with laboratory-confirmed bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia, hyperinflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥20 mg/dL), no hypoxaemia (oxygen saturation >90%), and no contraindications to TCZ - who were treated with subcutaneous TCZ (324 mg) administered within 48 h from hospitalization on top of standard of care (SOC). They were compared with matched controls treated with SOC only before TCZ was available at the institution. Clinical data were available for all patients until death or until day 35 for those discharged from hospital. Ten consecutive patients (six males, median age 55 years) treated with TCZ on top of SOC, and ten patients (six males, median age 56 years) treated with SOC only were included. TCZ o prevent disease progression in hospitalised patients with moderate COVID-19 and hyperinflammation.Low-dose subcutaneous TCZ may be a safe and promising therapeutic option administered on top of SOC to prevent disease progression in hospitalised patients with moderate COVID-19 and hyperinflammation.We report the case of a patient diagnosed with severe pneumonia due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A percutaneous lung biopsy was performed under ultrasound guidance. Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the patient's lungs are presented, along with details of some important changes in inflammatory biological markers, in order to help better understand the disease and provide clues to allow members of the multidisciplinary team to save more people.The world is desperately seeking for a sustainable solution to combat the coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Recent research indicated that optimizing Vitamin D blood levels could offer a solution approach that promises a heavily reduced fatality rate as well as solving the public health problem of counteracting the general vitamin D deficiency. This paper dived into the immunoregulatory effects of supplementing Vitamin D3 by elaborating a causal loop diagram. Oleic cell line Together with D3, vitamin K2 and magnesium should be supplemented to prevent long-term health risks. Follow up clinical randomized trials are required to verify the current circumstantial evidence.Based on data updated to 20 May 2020, the total recorded number of patients who died due to COVID-19-related reasons in Italy was 31,851. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who have died (including the number of comorbidities) are extremely relevant, especially to define those with a higher risk of mortality. Health authorities recommend influenza (flu) vaccinations in a number of categories at risk of serious medical complications, including people aged ≥65 years, or patients with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal failure, cancer, immunodeficiencies, chronic hepatopathies, and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. The seasonal flu peak certainly preceded that of the pandemic; however, it would seem clear that the two viruses have been simultaneously circulating in Italy for a while. Hence, after the peak of seasonal flu, influenza-like illness-related (ILI) deaths started to grow again. While some of the excess mortality reported in the ILI group may be attributable to COVID-19, a question arises do we have to consider this observation as a result of a random sequence of events or a potential relationship between the two viruses play a role? A cooperation mechanism intended at establishing an absolute advantage over the host could also be assumed; this system often takes place to boost the reproductive probabilities. A characterization of those who died due to virus-related reasons can be performed by cross-linking data (stored in different warehouses) from the same geographical area and developing electronic health records. It would be of great relevance to identify people at very high risk of mortality as a result of an overlapping or combination of risk factors that were separately reported in patients who died from COVID-19 or influenza. A description of the subgroup of people at higher risk of mortality will be crucial for prioritizing and implementing future public health prevention and treatment programs.