The sampling and accurate diagnosis of lymph nodes during the clinical history of lung cancer are essential for selecting the appropriate treatment strategies. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in patients with previously treated lung cancer. Patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA after treatment for lung cancer were retrospectively reviewed. read more We classified the patients into two groups; Group 1 (G1) Indicated to have a recurrence of new lesions after radical surgery or chemo/radiotherapy with a curative intent; and Group 2 (G2) Indicated to have residual tumor cells after undergoing primary treatment for chemo/radiotherapy or re-staging after induction therapy prior to surgery. Seventy previously treated lung cancer cases (G1, n = 52; G2, n = 18) were enrolled. Thirty-two cases (61.5%) had recurrent disease in G1, and 9 cases (50.0%) had nodal metastasis in G2. The diagnostic accuracy was 95.2% in G1 and 88.9% in G2. Twenty-four cases were examined for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, and 9 (37.5%) cases had mutations, including two cases with a T790M mutation. Furthermore, in one case, a re-biopsy revealed that the initial adenocarcinoma had transformed into small cell lung cancer. Performing EBUS-TBNA during lung cancer treatment showed a high diagnostic yield. Samples obtained by EBUS-TBNA were helpful in determining when to perform repeat biomarker testing as well as for making pathological re-evaluations.Performing EBUS-TBNA during lung cancer treatment showed a high diagnostic yield. Samples obtained by EBUS-TBNA were helpful in determining when to perform repeat biomarker testing as well as for making pathological re-evaluations.Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are a popular tool for detecting association between genetic variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and complex traits. Family data introduce complexity due to the non-independence of the family members. Methods for non-independent data are well established, but when the GWAS contains distinct family types, explicit modeling of between-family-type differences in the dependence structure comes at the cost of significantly increased computational burden. The situation is exacerbated with binary traits. In this paper, we perform several simulation studies to compare multiple candidate methods to perform single SNP association analysis with binary traits. We consider generalized estimating equations (GEE), generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), or generalized least square (GLS) approaches. We study the influence of different working correlation structures for GEE on the GWAS findings and also the performance of different analysis method(s) to conduct a GWAS with binary trait data in families. We discuss the merits of each approach with attention to their applicability in a GWAS. We also compare the performances of the methods on the alcoholism data from the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (MCTFR) study.Linagliptin (LGP), a novel anti-diabetic drug, is a DPP-4 inhibitor used in the treatment of type II diabetes. One of the major disadvantages of LGP is its low oral bioavailability (29.5%) due to first-pass metabolism and P-gp efflux. In an attempt to increase the oral bioavailability, LGP solid lipid nanoparticles (LGP-SLNs) were developed with poloxamer 188 and Tween 80 as P-gp inhibitors. LGP-SLNs were formulated using palmitic acid, poloxamer 188 and Tween 80 as lipid, surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, by hot homogenization ultrasonication method and optimized using 32 full factorial designs. Particle size, entrapment efficiency (%EE) and drug release at 24 h were evaluated as responses. An optimized batch of LGP-SLNs (L12) was evaluated for intestinal transport of LGP by conducting in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP), everted gut sac and Caco-2 permeability study. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of L12 was carried out in albino Wistar rats. The mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and %EE of L12 were found to be 225.96 ± 2.8 nm, 0.180 ± 0.034, - 5.4 ± 1.07 mV and 73.8 ± 1.73%, respectively. %CDR of 80.96 ± 3.13% was observed in 24 h. The permeability values of LGP-SLNs in the absorptive direction were 1.82-, 1.76- and 1.74-folds higher than LGP-solution (LGP-SOL) in SPIP, everted gut sac and Caco-2 permeability studies, respectively. LGP-SLNs exhibited relative bioavailability of 300% and better reduction in glucose levels in comparison with LGP-SOL in rats. The enhanced oral bioavailability exhibited by LGP-SLNs bioavailability may be due to P-gp efflux inhibition and lymphatic targeting. Improved bioabsorption can cause reduction in dose, dose-related side effects and frequency of administration. Thus, LGP-SLNs can be considered promising carriers for oral delivery but clinical studies are required to confirm the proof of concept.Graphical abstract.High temperature causes ubiquitous environmental stress to microorganisms, but studies have not fully explained whether and to what extent heat shock would affect genome stability. Hence, this study explored heat-shock-induced genomic alterations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using genetic screening systems and customized single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays, we found that heat shock (52 °C) for several minutes could heighten mitotic recombination by at least one order of magnitude. More than half of heat-shock-induced mitotic recombinations were likely to be initiated by DNA breaks in the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle. Chromosomal aberration, mainly trisomy, was elevated hundreds of times in heat-shock-treated cells than in untreated cells. Distinct chromosomal instability patterns were also observed between heat-treated and carbendazim-treated yeast cells. Finally, we demonstrated that heat shock stimulates fast phenotypic evolutions (such as tolerance to ethanol, vanillin, fluconazole, and tunicamycin) in the yeast population. This study not only provided novel insights into the effect of temperature fluctuations on genomic integrity but also developed a simple protocol to generate an aneuploidy mutant of yeast.