It is not known if impaired fertility in men with hypospadias is caused by decreased semen quality or other factors. Semen quality in men born with hypospadias may be impaired due to effects of androgens or testicular dysgenesis but has been very little studied. To study semen quality in men with hypospadias using dizygotic twinning rates as an epidemiological indicator. We further aimed to study men treated for cryptorchidism, given a hypothesized mutual etiology for decreased semen quality. We conducted a population-based study using national Swedish registers. A total of 4,363,165 births between 1964 and 2013 were included. The association between hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and fathering dizygotic multiple births was estimated using logistic regression and presented as odds ratios. The main analyses excluded births conceived using assisted reproductive technology (ART). We identified a total of 5317 births with fathers with hypospadias, including 26 dizygotic births conceived unassisted. No si quality using dizygotic twinning as an epidemiological indicator.Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are personalized assessments of disease risk based on the cumulative effect of common low-risk genetic variants. PRS have been shown to accurately predict women's breast cancer risk and are likely to be incorporated into personalized breast cancer risk management programs. However, there are few studies investigating the individual impact of receiving a breast cancer PRS. Existing studies have not demonstrated significant changes in perceived risk or risk management behaviors after receipt of polygenic risk information. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how women with a family history of breast cancer construct breast cancer risk perceptions after receipt of a breast cancer PRS. Unaffected women with a family history of breast cancer who had not previously received genetic counseling regarding their breast cancer risk were invited to participate in this study. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 women who attended a familial cancer clinic in the Australian states of Victoria and Tasmania. Data were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. Women's lived experience played a significant role in the construction and maintenance of their breast cancer risk perception. see more Women's pre-existing risk perceptions were informed by their family history and their knowledge that breast cancer is a multifactorial disease. Knowing that breast cancer is a multifactorial disease enabled most women to integrate genetic information with their pre-existing notions of risk. Women reported that the information they received was consistent with their existing notions of personal risk and screening advice. Therefore, the PRS did not lead to a change in perceived risk or risk management behaviors for most women. The results of this study provide insight into how polygenic risk information is integrated with pre-existing notions of risk, which will inform its implementation into clinical practice. This study aims to evaluate the result of a two-stage (delayed conversion) management of nonunion after failed external fixation of the lower limb. A case series of 25 patients (19 males and six females) enrolled in this study between February 2008 and October 2016, mean age 33.4 years (range, 22-65 years). Eight had femoral fractures, and 17 had tibial fractures. All were due to high-energy trauma and were open fractures. All cases were presented by non-union after external fixation in the lower limb long bones. All patients were managed by two stages (delayed conversion) osteosynthesis. The patients have been assessed for rate and time for union, range of motion of adjacent joints, the Modified functional outcome score of Karlstrom-Olerud, and Trauma outcomes measure score. The mean follow-up was 36.5 months (range 24-54 months). Twenty-two cases (88%) were fully united on an average of 5.3 months. According to the Karlstrom-Olerud scores, the final functional outcome score was excellent 12 cases, good 9 cases, accepted 2 cases, and poor in two cases. As regards the trauma outcome measure score, the mean TOM after 3 months was 26.1 (25.3-27.3), 30.4 (29.3-32.1) after 12 months, and 33.4 (32.3-40) after 24 months. The technique of two-stage treatment of nonunions of long bone after external fixation is a successful tool to achieve bony union. It could be a favorable option with a low risk of complications and a high level of functional outcomes.The technique of two-stage treatment of nonunions of long bone after external fixation is a successful tool to achieve bony union. It could be a favorable option with a low risk of complications and a high level of functional outcomes. To determine whether 1.1 GBq radioiodine therapy is as effective as 3.7 GBq for ablation in Chinese patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In this single-center randomized study, we compared the successful radioiodine ablation rates of 1.1 GBq and 3.7 GBq for patients with DTC. At 6-8 months after radioiodine ablation, there were 95 (39%) patients in the 1.1 GBq group and 79 (32%) patients in the 3.7 GBq group with thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW), and ablation success rates were 84% versus 80%, respectively; and 149 (61%) patients in the 1.1 GBq group and 169 (68%) patients in the 3.7 GBq group without THW, and ablation success rates were 89% versus 90%, respectively. In total, the ablation was successful in 412 (87%) of the 474 patients, and it was similar between the two groups. Low-dose radioiodine ablation was as effective as high dose in Chinese DTC patients.Low-dose radioiodine ablation was as effective as high dose in Chinese DTC patients.Individuals of South Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for obesity and related diseases. Foods available in the home during the first 1000 days (conception to 24 months old) are an important determinant of diet, yet no study has examined the association of early-life home food availability (HFA) with later diet and obesity risk in South Asian households. We examined whether obesogenic HFA at 18 months of age is associated with dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) at 36 months of age in low-income Pakistani and White households in the United Kingdom. In this prospective birth cohort study (Born in Bradford 1000), follow-up assessments occurred at 18 (n = 1032) and 36 (n = 986) months of age. Variety and quantity of snack foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the home and consumed were measured using the HFA Inventory Checklist and food frequency questionnaires, respectively. BMI was calculated using measured length/height and weight. Multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between HFA and tertiles of dietary intake, and multivariable linear regression models assessed associations between HFA and BMI.