Furthermore, MDA and GST could be considered the most sensitive oxidative stress biomarkers in clams under Phe or PS single and combined exposures, respectively.Antibiotics are gaining attention due to their roles as emerging pollutants and environmental obesogens, yet several aspects between their environmental exposure and obesogenic influence on organisms remain poorly explored. Here, Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to erythromycin (ERY, 0.1 μg/L) for three consecutive generations (F1 to F3). Body weight, circadian rhythm (represented by eclosion timing) and lipid metabolism were measured. ERY increased the size of lipid droplets in larvae of all three generations. It modestly inhibited body weight in adults that abnormally eclosed in the morning (AM adults) in the F1 and F2 generations, and the inhibition was less in adults that eclosed in the afternoon (PM adults). In contrast, it stimulated body weight in F3 adults. Notably, ERY promoted morning eclosion of females. Combining the effects from F1 to F3, acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) was commonly increased in AM female and male adults and also in PM female ones, while it was commonly decreased in PM male adults. Glucokinase (GCK) was commonly increased in both sexes of AM adults but decreased in PM male adults across generations. The IIS pathway showed a common up-regulation in the AM adults despite some differences between sexes, but it did not show any shared changes in the PM adults with dysrhythmia. The AMPK pathway was involved across generations without particular shared changes. Collectively, the effects of ERY on the key metabolites and enzymes in glucolipid metabolism and the genetic regulations depended on sex, rhythm and exposure generation.The presence of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in freshwater is a significant concern from the perspective of public health and drinking water treatment plant operation. This study investigated the N-nitrosamines concentration and their precursors' distributions, and DOM composition in four reservoirs located in a southern city of China. A total of 22 renowned precursors were identified. Precursors from industrial and pharmaceutical origins were found to be dominant in all reservoirs; however, traces of pesticide-based precursors, i.e. pirimicarb and cycluron were also found. The distribution of nine N-nitrosamines was substantially different among the reservoirs. N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) were abundantly present in all reservoirs. Most of N-nitrosamines except NDMA and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were far below the generally accepted cancer risk of 10-6, and NDMA/NDEA were found close to the risk level (10-6). Anthropogenic DOM was dominant in three reservoirs as depicted by a higher biological index (BIX) than the humification index (HIX). By the principle component analysis, BIX appeared as an indicator of N-nitrosamines (except NDEA and NPIP). A strong and direct relationship was observed between the NDMA-formation potential (FP) and concentration of total N-nitrosamines (∑NA), and BIX. These results confirmed that the anthropogenic activities were the leading source of DOM and N-nitrosamines in this city based on land-use.Fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (FDA-H) is an accurate biochemical method measuring the total microbial activity in soil, which indicates soil quality under ambient environmental changes such as pesticide parathion (PTH). However, the influence of PTH on the kinetics of FDA-H is still unknown. In this study, fifteen farmland soils were exposed to acute PTH pollution to investigate how the kinetic characteristics of FDA-H change with PTH concentration. Results showed that PTH strongly inhibited the FDA-H activities. The values of maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) ranged from 0.29 to 2.18 × 10-2 mM g-1 soil h-1 and declined by 42.30%-71.01% under PTH stress. The Michaelis constant (Km) values ranged between 2.90 and 14.17 × 10-2 mM and exhibited three forms including unchanged, increased (38.16-242.65%) and decreased (13.41-39.23%) when exposed to PTH. Based on the changes in two kinetic parameters, the inhibition of PTH on FDA-H was classified as three types, i.e., noncompetitive, linear mixed and uncompetitive inhibition. The competitive inhibition constant (Kic) and noncompetitive constant (Kiu) ranged from 0.064 to 0.447 mM and 0.209 to 0.723 mM, respectively, which were larger than the Km in values. The catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km) of FDA-H is a sensitive integrated parameter to evaluate the PTH toxicity due to the higher inhibition ratio than the Vmax. The PTH toxicity to FDA-H decreased with increase of soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents. This implied that the PTH toxicity could be alleviated by an increasing content of soil organic matter due to its buffering capacity to PTH. Besides, soils with a higher content of total nitrogen could provide stable environment for FDA-H to maintain its functionality under PTH pollution. Thus, the results of this study have great implications to the risk assessment of parathion in soils.Ocean warming is predicted to challenge the persistence of a variety of marine organisms, especially when combined with ocean acidification. While temperature affects virtually all physiological processes, the extent to which thermal history mediates the adaptive capacity of marine organisms to climate change has been largely overlooked. Using populations of a marine gastropod (Turbo undulatus) with different thermal histories (cool vs. warm), we compared their physiological adjustments following exposure (8-week) to ocean acidification and warming. Compared to cool-acclimated counterparts, we found that warm-acclimated individuals had a higher thermal threshold (i.e. increased CTmax by 2 °C), which was unaffected by the exposure to ocean acidification and warming. Thermal history also strongly mediated physiological effects, where warm-acclimated individuals adjusted to warming by conserving energy, suggested by lower respiration and ingestion rates, energy budget (i.e. scope for growth) and ON ratio. Anlotinib research buy After exposure to warming, warm-acclimated individuals had higher metabolic rates and greater energy budget due to boosted ingestion rates, but such compensatory feeding disappeared when combined with ocean acidification.