To compare radiologists' sensitivity, confidence level, and reading efficiency of detecting microcalcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) at two clinically relevant dose levels. Six 5-cm-thick heterogeneous breast phantoms embedded with a total of 144 simulated microcalcification clusters of four speck sizes were imaged at two dose modes by a clinical DBT system. RG7440 The DBT volumes at the two dose levels were read independently by six MQSA radiologists and one fellow with 1-33 years (median 12 years) of experience in a fully-crossed counter-balanced manner. The radiologist located each potential cluster and rated its conspicuity and his/her confidence that the marked location contained a cluster. The differences in the results between the two dose modes were analyzed by two-tailed paired t-test. Compared to the lower-dose mode, the average glandular dose in the higher-dose mode for the 5-cm phantoms increased from 1.34 to 2.07 mGy. The detection sensitivity increased for all speck sizes and significantly for the two smaller sizes (p <0.05). An average of 13.8% fewer false positive clusters was marked. The average conspicuity rating and the radiologists' confidence level were higher for all speck sizes and reached significance (p <0.05) for the three larger sizes. The average reading time per detected cluster reduced significantly (p <0.05) by an average of 13.2%. For a 5-cm-thick breast, an increase in average glandular dose from 1.34 to 2.07 mGy for DBT imaging increased the conspicuity of microcalcifications, improved the detection sensitivity by radiologists, increased their confidence levels, reduced false positive detections, and increased the reading efficiency.For a 5-cm-thick breast, an increase in average glandular dose from 1.34 to 2.07 mGy for DBT imaging increased the conspicuity of microcalcifications, improved the detection sensitivity by radiologists, increased their confidence levels, reduced false positive detections, and increased the reading efficiency.Decreased cell viability resulting from a severe condition of nutrients deprivation and hypoxia has been the major obstacle in three-dimensional (3D) tissue construction. Therefore, technical improvement which prevents cell death caused by starvation and low oxygen is desired for the development of large, thick tissues. We focused on the anti-glycolytic effect of resveratrol (RSV), a naturally-occurring polyphenol known as a caloric restriction mimetic, and investigated its cytoprotective effect in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D-cell culture using H9c2 rat myoblast cells. Glucose deprivation by culturing with low glucose media caused time- and dose-dependent cell death in H9c2 cells. In contrast, RSV treatment at 100 μM significantly increased the cell viability by preventing cell death. RSV showed anti-glycolytic effect associated with a down-regulation of glycolytic genes (GLUT1, PKM2) and glucose uptake activity, and increased the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an essential cellular energy sensor activated in the condition of energy deprivation. RSV treatment markedly improved the viability of myoblast cells cultured in a hypoxic, low glucose condition and attenuated the up-regulation of glycolytic genes by hypoxic response. In 3D-cultured model, spheroids constructed with RSV-treated cells showed improved cell viability and intact histological appearance compared with control. These results suggest that glycolytic inhibition by RSV decreases the glucose usage of myoblast cells, therefore, prevents cell death caused by nutrient deprivation and hypoxic condition. Our finding provides useful information to improve cell viability in a condition that nutrients and oxygen are low in supply, and be a possible application to the 3D-tissue construction. Cardiac allografts from donors with a history of cocaine use (DHCU) are often discarded owing to concerns regarding organ quality. We investigated long-term outcomes of de novo adult heart transplantation (HTx) using DHCU. Using the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry, we identified 24,430 adult recipients of primary, deceased donor, heart-alone transplants between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2013. Transplants were categorized on the basis of DHCU. Survival rates were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. A total of 3,246 (13.3%) HTx were performed using DHCU during the study period. Of these, 1,477 (45.5%) were classified as current users. Organs from DHCU were transplanted at a later sequence number (data from a sub-group of patients transplanted in the United States) than those from the non-cocaine use group (mean sequence number 16.1 ± 55.6 vs 11.5 ± 38.2; p < 0.001), suggesting higher decline rates by centers. Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival were not different between groups (p = 0.16), with post-transplant survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years of 88.1%, 75.8%, and 58.5%, respectively, in the non-cocaine use group and 90.0%, 76.7%, and 59.7%, respectively, in the DHCU group. On multivariate analysis, DHCU were not associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.94; 95% CI 0.88-1.00; p = 0.050), cardiac allograft vasculopathy (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94-1.11; p = 0.56), or allograft rejection (HR 0.98; 95% CI 0.92-1.05; p = 0.61). Our findings demonstrate that adult HTx performed using DHCU is not associated with an adverse impact on long-term clinical outcomes. These findings should spur efforts to reduce discard rates of organs from DHCU.Our findings demonstrate that adult HTx performed using DHCU is not associated with an adverse impact on long-term clinical outcomes. These findings should spur efforts to reduce discard rates of organs from DHCU.The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) implemented a revised donor heart allocation system on October 18, 2018 with principle aims to reduce waitlist mortality, enhance geographic organ sharing, and improve organ distribution equity. Five recently published analyses compared outcomes of heart transplant (HT) recipients transplanted under the revised versus previous system. All demonstrated increased pre-transplant temporary mechanical circulatory support use and graft ischemic times under the revised system. However, despite using data from the same UNOS Registry, three analyses demonstrated increased risk of post-transplant mortality under the revised system, while two others found no significant difference in mortality risk. These studies differed in their analytic cohorts, study periods, follow-up duration, and statistical methodologies. Additionally, some may have introduced survivor bias or violated non-informative censoring. Given these variable findings, longer-term outcome assessment is warranted before the HT community can truly understand the impact of the 2018 UNOS system revision on post-transplant outcomes.