05) and made more errors (p < 0.05) following stimulus reversal, with the exception of the ED shift (p > 0.05). Previous research shows that sheep can perform IDED set shifting in a walk-through maze using solid objects with two changeable dimensions (colour and shape) as the stimuli. Presenting the stimuli on computer screens provides better validity, greater task flexibility and higher throughput than the walk-through maze. All sheep completed each stage of the task, with a range of abilities expected in an outbred population. The IDED task described is ideally suited as a quantifiable and clinically translatable measure of executive function in sheep.All sheep completed each stage of the task, with a range of abilities expected in an outbred population. The IDED task described is ideally suited as a quantifiable and clinically translatable measure of executive function in sheep. To determine incidence and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) within 7days of sepsis evaluation and to assess AKI duration and the association between AKI and 30-day mortality. Retrospective, matched cohort study in a single-center level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Eligible infants underwent sepsis evaluations at ≥72hours of age during calendar years 2013-2018. Exposed infants (cases) were those with culture-proven sepsis and antimicrobial duration ≥5days. Nonexposed infants (controls) were matched 11 to exposed infants based on gestational and corrected gestational age, and had negative sepsis evaluations with antibiotic durations <48hours. AKI was defined by modified neonatal Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney and χ tests, multivariable logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis. Among 203 episodes of late-onset sepsis, 40 (20%) developed AKI within 7days after evaluation, and among 193 episodes with negative culprove outcomes. To describe the clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of both new and previously reported patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) diagnosed in Portugal over the last 20years. The cohort includes patients with an unexplained multisystem or single organ involvement, with or without psychomotor disability. Serum sialotransferrin isoforms and, whenever necessary, apolipoprotein CIII isoforms and glycan structures were analyzed. Additional studies included measurement of phosphomannomutase (PMM)activity and analysis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in fibroblasts. Sanger sequencing and massive parallel sequencing were used to identify causal variants or the affected gene, respectively. Sixty-three individuals were diagnosed covering 14 distinct CDGs; 43 patients diagnosed postnatally revealed a type 1, 14 a type 2, and 2 a normal pattern on serum transferrin isoelectrofocusing. The latter patients were identified by whole exome sequencing. Nine of them presented also a hypoglycosylat frequent CDG, a striking similarity between the 2 populations was found, as only 1 mutated allele found in the Portuguese group has not been reported in Spain.In this multicenter study of 1783 children diagnosed with ovarian torsion from 2012 to 2017, 402 children (22.5%) underwent oophorectomy. The odds of oophorectomy were higher in children under 11 years of age, children with public insurance, and children with complex chronic conditions. Future efforts should target a preservation-first approach. To describe 4 subgroups of pediatric patients treated with splenectomy, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, or rituximab as the first-option, second-line treatment for chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Selection of patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia from the French national prospective cohort of pediatric autoimmune cytopenia OBS'CEREVANCE and VIGICAIRE study, treated by splenectomy, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, or rituximab as a first second-line treatment. For 137 patients, treated between 1989 and 2016, the median follow-up after diagnosis and after treatment initiation was 8.5 (2.8-26.4) years and 4.7 (1.1-25.1) years, respectively. Median age at diagnosis and at initiation of treatment were 9 (0.7; 16) and 12 (2; 18.1) years, respectively without significant difference between subgroups. Bleximenib For the whole cohort, 24-month event-free survival was 62% (95% CI 55; 71). It was 85% (95% CI 77; 95) for the 56 patients treated with splenectomy, 60% (95% CI 44; 84) for the 23 patients treated with rituximab, 46% (95% CI 30; 71) for the 24 patients treated with azathioprine, and 37% (95% CI 24; 59) for the 34 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine (log-rank P<.0001). For the splenectomy subgroup, being older than 10years at splenectomy tended to improve event-free survival (P=.05). Female teenagers with antinuclear antibody positivity benefited from hydroxychloroquine therapy. This national study, limiting pitfalls in the analysis of the effects of second-line therapies, showed that splenectomy remains the treatment associated with the better response at 24months.This national study, limiting pitfalls in the analysis of the effects of second-line therapies, showed that splenectomy remains the treatment associated with the better response at 24 months. To characterize dietary supplement use among US children, including product type, motivations, user characteristics, and trends over time with a primary focus on non-vitamin/non-mineral dietary supplements (NVNM). Overall, NVNM, and vitamin and/or mineral dietary supplement only (VM-only) use; motivations for use; and trends in use over time were examined in children (≤19years of age) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016 data (n=42 510). Between 1999 and 2016, overall dietary supplement and VM-only dietary supplement use among all children remained relatively stable at ∼30%; yet, NVNM dietary supplement use increased from 2.9% to 6.4%, mainly due to increased use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. NVNM use was greater in boys than in girls (3.9% vs 3.3%), and greater in older children than in younger children (P <.0001), the opposite of what was observed with VM-only dietary supplement use. Although both user groups shared 2 primary motivations, both motivations were reported by a significantly greater percent of vitamin and/or mineral dietary supplement users vs NVNM users to maintain health (38.