Models of free recall describe free recall initiation as a decision-making process in which items compete to be retrieved. Recently, Osth and Farrell (Psychological Review, 126, 578-609, 2019) applied evidence accumulation models to complete RT distributions and serial positions of participants' first recalls in free recall, which resulted in some novel conclusions about primacy and recency effects. Specifically, the results of the modeling favored an account in which primacy was due to reinstatement of the start-of-the-list, and recency was found to be exponential in shape. In this work, we examine what happens when participants are given alternative recall instructions. Prior work has demonstrated weaker primacy and greater recency when fewer items are required to report (Ward & Tan, Memory & Cognition, 2019), and a key question is whether this change in instructions qualitatively changes the nature of the recall process, or merely changes the parameters of the recall competition. We conducted an experiment where participants studied six- or 12-item lists and were post-cued as to whether to retrieve a single item, or as many items as possible. Subsequently, we applied LBA models with various assumptions about primacy and recency, implemented using hierarchical Bayesian techniques. While greater recency was observed when only one item was required for output, the model selection did not suggest that there were qualitative differences between the two conditions. Specifically, start-of-list reinstatement and exponential recency functions were favored in both conditions.BackgroundThe role of clinical pharmacists in the provision of patient care is evolving in developing countries such as India. However, their acceptance in health care setups remains debatable. Objective This study aims to investigate the change in quality adjusted life-years after providing clinical pharmacist services in head and neck cancer patients. Setting Oncology speciality private centre in West India. Method It was a prospective, multi-centered pre-post study. Patients were recruited into the control group and intervention group. Clinical pharmacist services were provided only to the intervention group. The quality adjusted life-years was measured by incorporating the EQ-5D-5L instrument. Patients have been provided with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire at the pre-determined intervals i.e. before beginning of each chemotherapy cycles till the completion of treatment. The analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis and student's t-test. Main outcome measures Change in quality adjusted life-years amo chemotherapy cycles. Conclusion The incorporation of clinical pharmacist services has helped us in identifying and understanding the various types of medication-related problems and their potential causes in patients suffering from head and neck cancer. Moreover, it helped to improve the quality adjusted life-years and decrease adverse drug reactions, reflecting positive impact on patient care.High levels of impulsivity are a risk factor for the initiation of heroin use and a core behavioral characteristic of heroin dependence. Impulsivity also contributes to the maintenance of drug use and hinders effective therapy. Here we sought to identify neuroimaging markers of impulsivity in heroin-dependent individuals (HDI), with a focus on the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key region implicated in impulsivity and drug addiction generally. Volume and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) differences of the bilateral NAc were investigated between 21 HDI and 21 age-, gender-, nicotine-, alcohol-matched healthy controls (HC). The neuroimaging results were then correlated with the Barratt Impulsivity Scales (BIS-11). Higher motor impulsivity (t = 2.347, p = 0.0253) and larger right NAc volume (F (1,38) = 4.719, p = 0.036) was observed in HDI. The right NAc volume was positively correlated with BIS total (r = 0.6196, p = 0.0239) /motor (r = 0.5921, p = 0.0330) scores in HC and BIS motor (r = 0.5145, p = 0.0170) score in HDI. A negative correlation was found between RSFC of the right NAc-bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and motor impulsivity in HDI (left r=-0.6537, p = 0.0013; right r=-0.6167, p = 0.0029) and HC (left r=-0.6490,p = 0.0164; right r=-0.6993, p = 0.0078). We aimed to reveal novel multimodality neuroimaging biomarkers of the higher impulsivity in HDI by focusing on the NAc and corresponding functional circuits. Higher motor impulsivity was observed in HDI. Furthermore, the volume of the right NAc and the RSFC strength of right NAc-SFG could be neuroimaging biomarkers for the severity of impulsivity in HDI. selleck chemicals These potential biomarkers could be a target for novel treatments in HDI.Adolescents with epilepsy are at risk for deficits in working memory, which could lead to learning difficulties and poor academic outcomes. We used task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine potential disruption in working memory function in adolescents with epilepsy as compared to healthy controls. We recruited 29 adolescents (13-17 years) with non-lesional epilepsy and 20 healthy controls. All participants performed an N-back fMRI task and neuropsychological testing. A general linear model approach was used to create group activation maps of N-back fMRI for epilepsy and control groups and both groups combined (p  5). Subsets of these functional ROIs corresponding to cingulo-opercular and fronto-parietal networks were selected and differences in functional connectivity between the epilepsy and control groups were assessed. Adolescents with epilepsy had significantly poorer working memory scores compared to controls. For the N-back fMRI task, there were no significant differences in group activation. Functional connectivity was significantly reduced between the left frontal operculum and anterior cingulate gyrus (cingulo-opercular network) in adolescents with epilepsy compared to controls. This study demonstrates working memory deficits and an altered pattern of connectivity in brain networks supporting working memory in adolescents with epilepsy. Working memory performance was worse in adolescents with epilepsy; though scores were not directly correlated with reduced connectivity. These results suggest the neural substrates of working memory in adolescents with epilepsy may differ from those in typically-developing adolescents, and require further investigation to understand the reasons for poorer working memory performance.