Accurate chromosome segregation requires a complete restructuring of cellular organization. Microtubules remodel to assemble a mitotic spindle and the actin cytoskeleton rearranges to form a stiff actomyosin cortex. These cytoplasmic events must be spatially and temporally coordinated with mitotic chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope permeabilization, in order to ensure mitotic timing and fidelity. Here, we discuss the main cytoskeletal and nuclear events that occur during mitotic entry in proliferating animal cells, focusing on their coordinated contribution for early mitotic spindle assembly. We will also explore recent progress in understanding their regulatory biochemical and mechanical pathways.Following the 1892 cholera pandemic, Richard Pfeiffer, Director of the science section of Robert Koch's Institute for Hygiene in Berlin, began laboratory-based studies on the pathogenesis of the disease using an animal model. These investigations resulted in his discovery of bacterial endotoxin; recognition of the bacteriolytic properties of both animal and human immune sera; and identification of the specific nature of protective immune responses. His research led naturally from cholera to typhoid fever and in November 1896 Pfeiffer published the results of experimental studies on a typhoid vaccine. In September 1896 Almroth Wright, a professor of pathology in the British Army Medical School, published a short note entitled "Typhoid Vaccination". It was appended to a review on the use of styptics to control defective blood coagulation his previous research studies had a physiological basis that stemmed from earlier studies on tissue fibrinogen. In December 1895, Wright had been commissioned by the Army Medical Department to develop a typhoid vaccine and he later admitted that such work began only after he had spoken with Pfeiffer. In January 1897 Wright published a further paper in which he claimed precedence over Pfeiffer in the introduction of anti-typhoid vaccination. This self-entitlement has subsequently been accepted, primarily because the British Army approved typhoid vaccination in 1914 at the beginning of the First World War. That time has been used as their starting point by many of Wright's biographers, but without any attempt to confirm Wright's claim to priority. This paper concludes Richard Pfeiffer, not Almroth Wright, provided the first account of human typhoid vaccination. It also provides early examples of laboratory-based responses to pandemic and epidemic infectious diseases. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent bacterial causative agent of pneumonia. Due to its significant contribution to the morbidity and mortality profile and the country's economy, the 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) was introduced in Brazil in 2010. read more Brazil is divided into five administrative regions which differ in social-economic indices among each other. Estimates of PCV10 impact on hospitalization rates due to pneumonia stratified by distinct Brazilian regions are limited. We assessed this issue. This is a population-based ecological investigation. Data about hospitalizations due to pneumonia, asthma or urinary tract infection (UTI) among patients aged under 20years in the pre-exposure (2003-2009) and in the post-exposure (2011-2017) periods were retrieved from the National Health System - Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS) database. The total resident population by age group in each year was retrieved from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics database. HospitalizationDI in 2017.Significant variation in the downward trend of hospitalization rate was only found in the North region, which evolved from very low HDI in 2003; medium HDI in 2010 to high HDI in 2017. High hospital safety-net burden has been associated with inferior clinical outcomes. We aimed to characterize the association of safety-net burden with outcomes in a national cohort of patients undergoing carotid interventions. The 2010-2017 Nationwide Readmissions Database was used to identify adults undergoing carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting. Hospitals were classified as low (LBH), medium, or high safety-net burden (HBH) based on the proportion of uninsured or Medicaid patients. Multivariable models were developed to evaluate associations between HBH and outcomes. Of an estimated 540,558 hospitalizations for a carotid intervention, 28.5% were at HBH. Patients treated at HBH were more likely to be admitted non-electively (28.7% vs 20.2%, P < .001), have symptomatic presentation (11.0% vs 7.7%, P < .001), and undergo carotid artery stenting (18.7% vs 8.9%, P < .001). After adjustment, HBH remained associated with increased odds of postoperative stroke (AOR 1.19, P= .023, Ref= LBH), non-home discharge (AOR 1.10, P= .026), 30-day readmissions (AOR 1.14, P < .001), and 31-90-day readmissions (AOR 1.13, P < .001), but not in-hospital mortality (AOR 1.18, P= .27). HBH was linked to increased hospitalization costs (β+$2,169, P= .016). HBH was associated with postoperative stroke, non-home discharge, readmissions, and increased hospitalization costs after carotid revascularization. Further studies are warranted to alleviate healthcare inequality and improve outcomes at safety-net hospitals.HBH was associated with postoperative stroke, non-home discharge, readmissions, and increased hospitalization costs after carotid revascularization. Further studies are warranted to alleviate healthcare inequality and improve outcomes at safety-net hospitals.The beneficial effects of electrochemotherapy (ECT) for superficial tumours and, more recently, deep-seated malignancies in terms of local control and quality of life are widely accepted. However, the variability in responses across histotypes needs to be explored. Currently, patient selection for ECT is based on clinical factors (tumour size, histotype, and exposure to previous oncological treatments), whereas there are no biomarkers to predict the response to treatment. In this field, two major areas of investigation can be identified, i.e., tumour cell characteristics and the tumour microenvironment (vasculature, extracellular matrix, and immune infiltrate). For each of these areas, we describe the current knowledge and discuss how to foster further investigation. This review aims to provide a summary of the currently used guiding clinical factors and delineates a research roadmap for future studies to identify putative biomarkers of response to ECT. These biomarkers may allow researchers to improve ECT practice by customising treatment parameters, manipulating the tumour and its microenvironment, and exploring novel therapeutic combinations.