There is an increasing demand for cooling cities because of its importance on human health and the quality of life in outdoor urban spaces. However, the development of methods in improving outdoor thermal comfort and zoning cities based on outdoor thermal comfort is still challenging. In this work, we propose a new approach to cities zoning from the lens of outdoor thermal comfort in the arid climate of the city of Mashhad, Iran, and investigate the impacts of urban form characteristics on pedestrian thermal comfort. The effects of complex urban form parameters including height to width (H/W) ratio, canyon orientation, tree canopy cover, and building surface materials on the thermal comfort of pedestrians were studied in the arid climate of Mashhad. Microclimate simulation and analysis is conducted in ENVI-met software, and ArcMap is used to calculate Mashhad urban heat islands. Path analysis in SPSS presents an urban form formulation, which predicts approximate outdoor thermal comfort condition in current and future urban context of Mashhad and other cities with the same climate. We finally demonstrate the use of our research method as an alternative method for all cities urban heat island (UHI) zoning can be used as a substitute for urban form zonings based on outdoor thermal comfort, especially in large cities where data collection on urban form can be difficult due to limited time and resources.Increased climatic variability can impact tree physiological processes beyond what is predicted from changes in mean conditions. We assessed the sensitivity of conifer saplings to spatial and temporal variability in meteorological conditions, taking advantage of the end of California's historic drought and the exceedingly wet winter of 2017. We sought to understand how very dry and very wet conditions constrain photosynthesis and growth in four regionally dominant conifers and whether sensitivity in these processes changes across a 500 m gradient in elevation. All species demonstrated phenotypic plasticity in response to temporal differences in precipitation on both inter-annual and seasonal timescales. Net photosynthesis in Pinus contorta decreased from an early season 2016 average of 12.4 to 6.89 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 later in the summer, but increased 14.1% between seasons in the wet year. By contrast, elevation had almost no effect on instantaneous photosynthetic gas exchange, CO2 response curve parameters, or stem water potential in any of the years for any of the species. Effects of the heavy snow year (2017) on needle growth differed between elevations. Pinus contorta showed a 38.9% increase in average needle length at the lower two elevations but a 31.6% decrease at the highest site compared to the height of the drought. Despite these differences, biological variation was dampened compared to the physical variation between years, suggesting these trees can effectively withstand substantial meteorological variability. Our results show that these species demonstrated considerable ability to tolerate and recover from an extreme drought event. For the past two decades, microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported as a robust clinical biomarker associated with survival advantage attributed to its immunogenicity. However, MSI is also associated with high-risk adverse pathological features (poorly differentiated, mucinous, signet cell, higher grade) and exhibits a double-edged sword phenomenon. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the rate of dissemination and the prognosis of early and advanced stage colorectal cancer based on MSI status. A systematic literature search of original studies was performed on Ovid searching MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, American College of Physicians ACP Journal Club, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects DARE, Clinical Trials databases from inception of database to June 2019. Colorectal cancer, microsatellite instability, genomic instability and DNA mismatch repair were used as key words or MeSH terms. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Revi III CRC, but MSI-H was neither a robust prognostic marker in stage I nor stage IV CRC without immunotherapy.MSI-H CRC was associated with an overall survival benefit with a lower rate of dissemination. Survival benefit was clearly evident in both stage II and III CRC, but MSI-H was neither a robust prognostic marker in stage I nor stage IV CRC without immunotherapy. The association between severity of radiographic osteoarthritis with patient pain, function, and satisfaction following total knee arthroplasty has been disputed. CID44216842 chemical structure The discrepancies in current literature prompt us to further examine this association in a systematic review and meta-analysis. The OVID-Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched from their inception up to Mar 2020. The main independent variable was osteoarthritis severity as defined by preoperative radiographs. The outcomes measured were pain, function and satisfaction following total knee arthroplasty. A minimum of three studies assessing the same patient-reported outcome measures were included in the meta-analysis, as well as those separating patients by chronic pain or dissatisfaction. 29 studies were included in this study. Significant heterogeneity was seen between radiographic evaluation and reported outcomes. Patients with only mild radiographic osteoarthritis were more likely to suffer from chronic pain (odds ratio = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.80-3.34, p < 0.001) and dissatisfaction (odds ratio = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.79-3.31, p < 0.001) compared to patients with severe osteoarthritis. A significant association was found between mild radiographic severity and lower total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis scores (95% CI = - 0.37-0.06, p = 0.006) as well as Knee Society Scores (CI - 0.54-0.16, p < 0.001). Patients with mild radiographic osteoarthritis are anticipated to gain less from total knee arthroplasty compared to those with severe osteoarthritis. They are also at risk for chronic pain and dissatisfaction and should be consulted about this risk prior to surgery. III.III.