260). Failure to confirm ELISA diagnoses with IHC may have been because the methods tested different areas of MRPLN, or that there were differences in test sensitivity or antibody affinity. An additional 5.9% (6/101) of cases had one IHC-positive MRPLN, whereas the contralateral MRPLN was IHC negative. Therefore, testing a single MRPLN for CWD may lead to false-negative results, regardless of methodology, which highlights the importance of collecting and testing both MRPLN.The emergence and dissemination of resistance to clinically important antimicrobials in wild animals is of great concern. The aim of our study was to reveal the prevalence and intraspecies dissemination of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) in sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Nara Park, a famous tourist spot in Japan. Fecal samples were collected from 59 wild deer in Nara Park between July and October 2018. We isolated QREC using deoxycholate-hydrogen sulfide-lactose agar containing nalidixic acid and subjected it to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA and parC genes of the isolates were analyzed and fragment patterns of genomic DNA were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 105 QREC isolates were obtained from 41 deer (70%). All isolates had mutations within the QRDR. Other than quinolone resistance, QREC isolates also showed resistance to various other antimicrobial agents. The QREC isolates were classified into 15 PFGE clusters, of which seven were observed in multiple deer. Our results suggest clonal transmission of QREC in a high-density deer population. Spread of QREC in deer inhabiting a tourist location could have potential impact on public health.A wild muskox (Ovibos moschatus) with dermatitis typical of contagious ecthyma had secondary bacterial septicemia with Corynebacterium freneyi that included laminitis, hepatitis, and suppurative encephalitis. This case supports the association between orf virus infection and fatal secondary infections, which may have contributed to population declines on Victoria Island, Canada.Anticoagulant rodenticides (AR), principally difethialone, brodifacoum, and bromadiolone, were detected in the livers of 89% of 72 Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) from New York City, New York, US examined for cause of death over a 7-yr period (January 2012-December 2018). Fatal hemorrhage likely attributable to AR exposure was diagnosed in 41% (30/74) of cases, and 46% (18/39) of the cases analyzed with no gross evidence of AR-mediated hemorrhage had liver concentrations of AR that overlapped those with an AR-poisoning diagnosis. Although urban areas like New York City can support surprisingly dense populations of Red-tailed Hawks, the threat posed by extensive use of AR can be large.Serum samples obtained from 474 wild boars (Sus scrofa) were collected from June 2017 to September 2018 from various areas of northern and southern Poland. Serum samples were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were not detected. Previous studies on WNV in Poland have focused on experimental evidence and the presence of WNV antibodies in wild birds, horses, and humans, indicating a need for more surveys of domestic and wild mammals in Poland.Vaccine-laden baits were distributed to interrupt and halt raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies transmission in suburban Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island, New York, US. Fishmeal polymer baits containing the RABORAL V-RG® vaccine were deployed with helicopters, bait stations, and vehicles at a target density of 250 baits/km2 during annual September campaigns (2006-10). Semiannual campaigns (500 baits/km2) were also initiated in a portion of the treatment zone (2007-09) in response to a persistent focus of rabid raccoons. The last enzootic case was reported in January 2009. The final vaccination campaign was completed in 2010. The raccoon variant of rabies virus is no longer circulating in Nassau or Suffolk counties. Significantly greater probabilities of raccoon seroconversion were observed in helicopter-deployed bait zones. The lowest probabilities of seroconversion were identified in vehicle and bait station-deployment bait zones, with a marginal advantage associated with bait-station deployment. Seroconversion was negatively associated with developed, medium-intensity areas and increasing human population density. Significantly higher rabies virus neutralizing antibody endpoint titrations were detected in helicopter and bait station-deployment zones.Approximately 1.86 million baits containing a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine were distributed with helicopters, vehicles, and bait stations during 2006-10. A bait density of 250 baits/km2 effectively controlled rabies cases in enzootic and preepizootic areas. However, a cluster of 11 rabid raccoons at the eastern edge of infection resulted in the initiation of semiannual, high-density (500 baits/km2) vaccination campaigns in approximately 20% of the oral rabies vaccination zone during July and September (2007-09). Bait success (i.e., chewed sachets or removed baits) at bait stations was negatively associated with station distances from water. Conversely, bait success improved with increasing distances from roads. Bait stations deployed significantly more baits in developed open space when compared to low- and medium- to high-intensity developed areas. However, a difference was not detected between developed open space and forest habitats. Rabies was confined to 86 raccoons within 317 km2 (10%) of a 3,133 km2 suburban landscape, with a disproportionate number of rabid raccoons (n=74) in developed areas, when compared to 10 cases in forest-wetland habitats. Two rabid raccoons did not fall within either general land-use classification. Rabies advanced 15.1 km eastward at a rate of 6.4 km/yr during a 28-mo interval (2004-06).Bacterial kidney disease, caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum, threatens salmonids worldwide. Following devastating mortality episodes in Oncorhynchus spp. in Lake Michigan, US, in the 1980s and infection rates >90%, pathogen prevalence has steadily declined to less then 5% over three decades in the three state-managed stocks. In this study, we sought to determine if the declining infection rates were associated with heightened circulating antibodies in state-managed Oncorhynchus spp. residing in the Lake Michigan watershed. A single-dilution, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was modified to detect circulating antibodies against R. salmoninarum. Baseline values were delineated from naive chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The assay was first used to assess primary antibody production over a 4-wk period in chinook salmon experimentally infected with R. salmoninarum. LY3295668 Mean antibody response was detected as early as 2 wk postinfection and continued to increase to the end of the observation period.