The results in this report demonstrate that, although both single and repetitive blast exposures produce acute stress responses (weight loss, corticosterone increase), only repetitive blast exposure also results in co-occurring aversive/dysphoric-like stress responses. These results extend appreciation of the highly complex nature of repetitive blast exposure; and lend further support for the potential translational relevance of animal modeling approaches currently used by multiple laboratories aimed at elucidating the mechanisms (both molecular and behavioral) of repetitive blast exposure.Long-term, repeated exposure to low-intensity blast overpressure is a potential causal factor of lasting outcomes reminiscent of post-concussion syndrome. selleck chemicals llc Wearable blast sensor engineers are exploring elements of blast that are associated with outcomes. Currently, however, there are no devices that can truly record all blasts experienced by an individual. Military service members (n = 984) were surveyed about their lifelong exposure and behavioral health. Using heavy-arms-associated target outcomes, we calculated a generalized blast exposure value (GBEV) for each participant. A threshold of 200,000 GBEV units was established at which a participant was likely to report more intense symptomology. If repetitive, low-intensity blast exposure has even a subtle effect over time, operational readiness could be negatively impacted. A threshold of exposure can inform decisions about how to reduce detrimental exposure. The GBEV can be used to track ongoing exposure and potentially identify those who may be at risk for developing blast-related outcomes.There is increasing empirical evidence that social distance and timing affect prosocial behavior after acute stress exposure. The present study focused on everyday moral decision-making after acute psychosocial stress and how it is influenced by effects of social closeness and timing. We exposed 40 young healthy men to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST, n = 20) or its non-stressful placebo version (PTSST, n = 20). Moral decision-making was assessed early (+10 until +30 min) and late (+75 until +95 min) after (P)TSST exposure by the Everyday Moral Conflict Situations (EMCS) Scale. The EMCS Scale requests altruistic versus egoistic responses to everyday moral conflict situations with varying closeness of target persons. Results revealed significantly higher total percentages of altruistic decisions in the stress than in the control condition and for scenarios involving socially close (e.g., mother) versus socially distant (e.g., stranger) protagonists, while the main effect of timing was nonsignificant. Only sy moral decision-making paradigm. Our findings provide evidence that acute stress exposure influences decision-making in everyday moral conflict situations in a prosocial manner. Furthermore, participants decided more altruistically in scenarios involving socially close (e.g., mother) versus socially distant (e.g., stranger) protagonists.The study aims to generate insights from sexual offenders on the influence of internal states and how they perceive risks of apprehension and difficulties in the context of noncompleted sexual offenses, that is when offenders initiated the offense but were stopped or discouraged either before or during sexual contact. Adult males incarcerated for sexually offending completed a self-report questionnaire. Regression models, including interaction effects, were estimated. Two interaction effects were found providing insights into which and how internal states, such as intoxication to alcohol, may influence perceived difficulties related to crime. Future research should promote the investigation of noncompleted sexual offenses, which could provide a real opportunity to generate new or complementary insights for better understanding and guiding prevention initiatives. To determine chitosan-based chewing gum role on reducing salivary counts and salivary pH. The present double-blind randomised clinical trial with the trial registration number of IRCT20190724044319N1 was conducted on 36 dental students. The volunteers were, randomly, divided into two groups (  = 18) including G1 intervention group (chitosan chewing gum) and G2 control group (placebo chewing gum). Each participant was given eight pieces of the chewing gum, and was asked to chew each gum piece for 5 min and this was repeated for eight times. Their Saliva was collected before and after chewing gums and the number of colonies and salivary pH were determined. Data were analysed using SPSS (ver.21) and independent student test. Value less than .05 was set as significant. There was significant difference between two groups for the number of salivary colonies ( 3 . 31 * 10 5 in the intervention group compared to 13.94 * 10 5 in the Control group) (  < .001). The salivary pH evaluation showed that salivary pH mean value in intervention group was not significant in compared with control group (  = .17). However, the chitosan chewing gum led to an increase in salivary pH by 0.17, which was statistically significant (  = .01). Results of this study showed that chitosan chewing gum has a positive effect on the reduction of numbers of salivary colonies but had no considerable effect on the increase of salivary pH.Results of this study showed that chitosan chewing gum has a positive effect on the reduction of numbers of salivary S. mutans colonies but had no considerable effect on the increase of salivary pH.The COVID-19 pandemic poses a multitude of unprecedented challenges to the healthcare system and broader public policy arena. Comprehensive guidelines and recommendations have been slow to develop as each community and medical institution face unique challenges due to a dissimilarity in demographics and resources. We seek to describe the experience at our institution to highlight challenges that others may encounter with an emphasis on the value that specialized pharmacists can provide at various levels of the healthcare system.