Fallow deer are wide-spread in the Jindabyne area and their population is increasing. It is likely their contribution to the maintenance and distribution of F. hepatica to livestock in the Jindabyne area, and in other livestock rearing areas of south-eastern Australia, is important and increasing. Based on extrapolation, biosimilar infliximab (IFX) was approved to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The first studies in adults have shown similar efficacy and safety in comparison with reference drug. The aim of this review was to collect and evaluate all the literature data regarding the use of biosimilar IFX in paediatric IBD. This article reviewed efficacy, immunogenicity and safety profile of biosimilar IFX in IBD paediatric patients through a comprehensive search of the published literature. Eight papers were extracted and critically reviewed. Four paediatric studies (prospective, n=3; retrospective, n=1) assessed the induction efficacy of the biosimilar IFX. Clinical response and remission rates reported were 86%-90% and 67%-68%, respectively. No significant difference in clinical response and remission rates between the reference and biosimilar IFX groups was found at follow-up (range 3-13months). Similar findings were shown in the prospective studies (n=4) conducted on patients elected to switch from reference IFX to its biosimilar. The most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) of biosimilar IFX were mild upper respiratory tract infections. Taking into account of all AEs coming from published data, biosimilar IFX seems to be as safe as its originator. Immunogenicity has not been significantly impacted by the switch from the reference drug. To date, treatment with (or switch to) biosimilar IFX in paediatric patients with IBD have been successful, without affecting efficacy, immunogenicity or safety. However, further studies are warranted, including clinical trials and pharmacovigilance studies.To date, treatment with (or switch to) biosimilar IFX in paediatric patients with IBD have been successful, without affecting efficacy, immunogenicity or safety. However, further studies are warranted, including clinical trials and pharmacovigilance studies.Presently, echinocandins have been recommended as the first-line drugs for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. However, low oral bioavailability and solubility limit their application. To improve this situation, this study chose amino acid and fatty acid as raw materials to modify the nucleus of echinocandin B. Six N-acylated analogs were screened from the derivatives that possessed potent antifungal activity and good water solubility. Based on antifungal susceptibility and hemolytic toxicity, compound 5 as the candidate had good antifungal activity and no hemolytic effect. Moreover, compared with anidulafungin, compound 5 showed a comparable fungicidal effect, much higher solubility, and lower toxicity. In conclusion, compound 5 has the potential for further research and development on account of reserved antifungal activity, high solubility, and low toxicity. This prospective observational study evaluated the role of infrared (IR) dermal thermometry in the management of diabetic foot ulcers. Thirty participants with unilateral neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers of University of Texas grade 1 or 2 (stage A) were followed up monthly for 1year. At each visit, skin temperatures were measured with an IR dermal thermometer at corresponding sites on both feet, using the contralateral feet without ulcers as controls. Average temperature and ulcer temperature in affected feet were significantly higher than in unaffected feet, with a mean difference of 1.2°C [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7 to 1.7] and 3.1°C (95% CI 2.3 to 3.9), respectively. Although the gradient between average temperature of affected foot and that of unaffected foot normalized (mean difference 0.2°C, 95% CI -0.2 to 0.7) at healing, the temperature gradient between the ulcer and a corresponding site on the unaffected foot decreased but did not normalize (mean difference 2.1°C, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.1) eventhe development of recurrent diabetic foot ulcers. To assess the utility of autologous umbilical cord blood (UCB) for red cell concentrate (RCC) transfusion in preterm infants. We recruited preterm infants born at ≤30 weeks' gestation or have an estimated fetal weight <1,200 g. We intended to perform delayed cord clamping (DCC) and to collect UCB following DCC. The quality parameters used included blood culture performed once, and biochemical and haematological parameters assessed weekly. Of the 46 recruited neonates, DCC could be performed for 1 minute in 11 (23.9%) and for 30-59 seconds in 10 (21.7%) infants. The success rate of UCB collection was significantly lower in infants who underwent DCC for 1 minute (27%) compared to those who underwent DCC for 30-59 seconds (70%) or immediate cord clamping (72%) (p value 0.031). Twenty-five UCBs were stored after eliminating three that had positive culture. UCB had satisfactory quality for transfusion from day 3 (when blood culture report was available) to 14 (after which pH decreased to <6.5). Thirteen infants required 27 RCC transfusions. Autologous UCB could be used for only five (18.5%) transfusions. The success rate of UCB collection after DCC for 1 minute is low. Autologous UCB meets less than one-fifth of transfusion requirements. Hence, autologous UCB transfusion is not a workable option in preterm infants.The success rate of UCB collection after DCC for 1 minute is low. Autologous UCB meets less than one-fifth of transfusion requirements. Hence, autologous UCB transfusion is not a workable option in preterm infants.Forming pits on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) monolayers is desirable for (opto)electrical, catalytic, and biological applications. Thermal oxidation is a potentially scalable method to generate pits on monolayer MoS2 , and pits are assumed to preferentially form around undercoordinated sites, such as sulfur vacancies. Zn-C3 concentration However, studies on thermal oxidation of MoS2 monolayers have not considered the effect of adventitious carbon (C) that is ubiquitous and interacts with oxygen at elevated temperatures. Herein, the effect of adventitious C on the pit formation on MoS2 monolayers during thermal oxidation is studied. The in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy measurements herein show that pit formation is preferentially initiated at the interface between adventitious C nanoparticles and MoS2 , rather than only sulfur vacancies. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the C/MoS2 interface favors the sequential adsorption of oxygen atoms with facile kinetics. These results illustrate the important role of adventitious C on pit formation on monolayer MoS2 .