cepa, in earthworms, mixtures and single forms presented the same level of effects, indicating that interspecies physiological different might influence the mixture toxicity. In summary, our results suggest that BPA, OP, and NP are toxicants to earthworm and cyto-/geno-toxicants to monocotyledonous plants at low concentrations. Zebularine molecular weight However, interaction among these phenols reduces the magnitude of their individual effects (antagonistic effect) in the plant test system. Therefore, this study draws attention to the need to raise knowledge about the ecotoxicity of phenolic compounds to help predict their ecological risks and protect non-target terrestrial species.The production of inputs for animal feed using slaughterhouse byproducts is a predominant waste valorization route of the meat industry. This practice generates complex effluents containing high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. The partial nitrification process followed by the Anammox process (PN/A) has been shown to be a viable technology for nitrogen removal from wastewaters with high concentrations of ammonia and low COD/N ratios, as found in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) effluent from animal feed inputs industries. However, its application has not been assessed for slaughterhouse byproducts processing wastewaters. This work aimed at evaluating the influence of the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) on the removal of total nitrogen (TN) of a PN/A process treating real animal feed industry wastewater. The NLR in the Anammox reactor varied from 1.3 to 6.3 g N L-1.d-1, with a constant COD/N ratio of 0.5 ± 0.1 mg COD.mg N-1. An average removal efficiency of TN of 84.2 ± 9.8% was observed throughout 440 days of operation. Microbiological analyses of the granular Anammox sludge performed before and after the operation revealed an increase in the population of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria, while the relative abundance of Anammox species decreased. It was demonstrated that although both microbial groups can coexist synergistically, the presence of organic matter contributed to the growth of heterotrophic denitrifying species and impaired the growth of Anammox bacteria, without affecting system performance.Heavy metals frequently occur as silent poisons present in our daily diet, the environment we live and the products we use, leaving us victims to various associated drastic health and ecological bad effects even in meagre quantities. The prevalence of heavy metals can be traced from children's toys, electronic goods, industrial effluents, pesticide preparation, and even in drinking water in some instances; necessitating methods to remediate them. The current review discusses the various physicochemical and biological methods employed to tackle the problem of heavy metal pollution. Apart from the conventional methods following the principles of adsorption, precipitation, coagulation, and various separation techniques, the advancements made in the directions of biological heavy metal detoxification using microbes, plants, algae have been critically analyzed to identify the specific utility of different agents for specific heavy metal removal. The review paper is a nutshell of different heavy metal remediation strategies, their merits, demerits, and modifications done to alleviate process of heavy metal pollution.This study proposed Fe-rich biochar (RMRS-BC) produced by the co-hydrothermal treatment of red mud and reed straw, industrial waste and agricultural waste, as a novel sludge conditioner. It had been proven that heterogeneous and homogeneous Fenton reactions occurred during the sludge conditioning process, in which RMRS-BC activated H2O2 to improve sludge dewaterability. Results demonstrated that the optimal condition was 7.5 wt% dry solids (DS) of RMRS-BC at a mass ratio of 11 combined with H2O2. The corresponding water content of sludge cakes and the capillary suction time reduction efficiency were 57.88 wt% and 69.76%, respectively. The Fe3O4 supported in the RMRS-BC structure was used as a catalyst to produce heterogeneous reaction, and the Fe2+ leached from the RMRS-BC after acidification happened homogeneous reaction. Double Fenton reaction in sludge conditioning enhanced the production efficiency of ·OH, the sludge flocs were dispersed into smaller particles, more bound water from the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was released, and sludge dewaterability performance was improved. Another main mechanism for enhancing dewaterability was to use RMRS-BC as a skeleton builder to reduce the compressibility of sludge cakes and facilitated free water to flow out. In summary, the Fenton oxidation method activated by RMRS-BC is feasible in improving sludge dewatering.Considering the reduction and resource utilization of landfill sludge (LS) and fresh sludge (FS), Fe2+ activated Na2S2O8 is proposed. The effects of the molar ratio of Fe2+/S2O82- and the addition of Na2S2O8 on the dewatering performance of sludge were studied by vacuum filtration experiments. Consolidation tests were conducted on the sludge with different Na2S2O8 dosage, and the compression, consolidation, and permeability characteristics of the sludge were researched. Besides, via particle size distribution (PSD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) test, the variation of particle size of sludge was studied from the microscopic perspective. The results are as follows the specific resistance of filtration (SRF) of LS and FS decreases by 99.3%, 95.2% at an optimal dosage (the molar ratio of (Fe2+/S2O82-) = 1, 30% Na2S2O8); the particle size of LS and FS is significantly smaller; the consolidation and permeability coefficients are increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared with non-conditioned sludge; the water content of LS and FS drops from 86.5% to 58.4%, 82.4%-59.7%. The research results have certain guiding significance for the in-situ treatment of sludge deep dewatering.Carbon emission quota allocation plays a critical role in carbon emission reduction in an efficient and economic manner. However, the scientific assessment of carbon quota allocation schemes and thus making a reasonable decision depending on preference still confuses relevant decision makers. This study proposes a performance analysis framework for carbon quota allocation schemes by using a nonparametric frontier analysis approach from the perspectives of economic growth and energy conservation. Then, we apply this approach to evaluate the relative economic and energy conservation performances of 15 allocation schemes by reallocating the 2015 Chinese provincial carbon emission quotas, each of which is constructed via a combination of equity, grandfathering, efficiency and ability to pay principles. The results show that the proposed allocation scheme that integrates efficiency and the ability to pay principles is the best option, realizing approximately 6.78% outputs increase and 3.01% energy conservation relative to the actual 2015 emission scenario.