The increasing incidence of severe liver diseases worldwide has resulted in a high demand for curative liver transplantation. Unfortunately, the need for transplants by far eclipses the availability of suitable grafts leaving many waitlisted patients to face liver failure and often death. Routine use of smaller grafts (for example left lobes, split livers) from living or deceased donors could increase the number of life-saving transplants but is often limited by the graft versus recipient weight ratio defining the safety margins that minimize the risk of small for size syndrome (SFSS). SFSS is a severe complication characterized by failure of a small liver graft to regenerate and occurs when a donor graft is insufficient to meet the metabolic demand of the recipient, leading to liver failure as a result of insufficient liver mass. SFSS is not limited to transplantation but can also occur in the setting of hepatic surgical resections, where life-saving large resections of tumors may be limited by concerns of post-surgical liver failure. There are, as yet no available pro-regenerative therapies to enable liver regrowth and thus prevent SFSS. However, there is optimism around targeting factors and pathways that have been identified as regulators of liver regeneration to induce regrowth in vivo and ex vivo for clinical use. In this commentary, we propose a roadmap for developing such pro-regenerative therapy and for bringing it into the clinic. We summarize the clinical indications, preclinical models, pro-regenerative pathways and safety considerations necessary for developing such a drug. The Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli has been the work horse for recombinant protein production since the past several years. However, most of the gene expression systems used either require expensive inducers or exhibit low strength. In the present study, we have generated a strong promoter by repeated rounds of random mutagenesis in a stationary phase promoter isolated from Gordonia sp. IITR100. The promoter activity increased 16-fold as compared to the wild-type promoter. The resultant synthetic promoter showed β-galactosidase activities of ~16,000 Miller units which is comparable to the strong T7 promoter ~13,000 Miller units. The amount of LacZ produced by the synthetic promoter was found to be active for several days in stationary phase. The advantage of this synthetic promoter over T7 promoter includes its stationary phase auto-inducibility thereby saving the cost of addition of inducers. Expression of GFPuv was observed in all the cells of E. coli due to the absence of requirement of inducer. A general-purpose vector containing the synthetic promoter with an MCS ready for use has been developed in the study. It has also been used to demonstrate the production of two heterologous proteins. The robust antidepressant effects of (R,S)-ketamine are among the most important discoveries in mood research over the last half century. Off-label use of (R,S)-ketamine, which is an equal mixture of (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine, has become especially popular in the United States (US) for treatment-resistant depression. On March 5, 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration approved an (S)-ketamine nasal spray for use in treatment-resistant depression, though its use has been limited to certified medical offices or clinics. SW-100 HDAC inhibitor On December 19, 2019, (S)-ketamine nasal spray was approved for the same indication in Europe. However, despite its potential for benefit, there are several concerns about the efficacy of (S)-ketamine nasal spray. Accumulating evidence from preclinical studies show that (R)-ketamine has greater potency and longer lasting antidepressant effects than (S)-ketamine in animal models of depression, and that (R)-ketamine has fewer detrimental side effects than either (R,S)-ketamine or (S)-ketamine. As such, clinical studies of (R)-ketamine in humans are now underway by Perception Neuroscience Ltd. In this article, we review the brief history of (R,S)-ketamine and its two enantiomers as novel antidepressants. We also discuss the mechanisms of ketamine's antidepressant actions. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to examine the role of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-subfractions in individuals with the atherogenic and non-atherogenic phenotype and the gender differences in lipoprotein subfractions including small dense LDL (sdLDL) and small high density lipoprotein (sHDL) subfractions representing the most atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions. DESIGN & METHODS 35 persons in the atherogenic group (AG) (with sdLDL3-7 subfractions ≥6 mg/dl) and 104 individuals in the non-atherogenic group (NAG) (sdLDL3-7 subfractions less then 6 mg/dl) were included in our study. To analyze plasma lipoprotein subfractions, a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-the Lipoprint system was used. RESULTS Males compared to females in the AG had significantly higher levels of atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions such as HDL8, HDL9 and HDL10. All participants in AG had significantly lower levels of intermediate density lipoprotein IDL-A than those in NAG but significantly higher levels of IDL-B and IDL-C. Males in the AG compared to NAG had significantly lower levels of LDL1 and higher levels of LDL2 and LDL3-7 subfractions. In the NAG LDL2 positively correlated with sHDL subfractions while in the AG with the large HDL subfraction. CONCLUSION Results of our study demonstrate more atherogenic profile in males compared to females and a double role of LDL2 subfraction in the atherogenic process depending on the phenotype (atherogenic/non-atherogenic) of individuals. Nerium oleander Linn. is an Apocynaceae shrub which is among the most toxic ornamental plants. Although seizures are one of the symptoms associated with N. Oleander poisoning in humans, only a few studies are available on the behavioural and electrophysiological alterations caused by this plant poisoning. This study aimed at providing a thorough description of the electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) profiles throughout the experimental poisoning of Wistar rats (200-250 g) using ethanolic extract of N. oleander (EENO). Further, seizure control was assessed using different anticonvulsants. Male Wistar rat's behaviour was assessed upon EENO (150 mg/kg) administration and the animals were evaluated for muscle and neural activities through EMG and EEG recordings, respectively. The behavioural test showed two distinct phases of CNS activity Phase I - myorelaxation and depression, and Phase II - excitability (agitated behaviour and seizures). Such phases were consistent with the EEG and EMG tracing patterns attained.