There has been a strong consumer demand to take welfare into account in animal production, including table eggs. This is particularly true in Europe and North America but increasingly around the world. We review the main demands that are facing the egg industry driven by economic, societal and sustainability goals. We describe solutions already delivered by research and those that will be needed for the future. Already table egg consumption patterns have seen a major shift from cage to non-cage production systems because of societal pressures. These often feature free-range and organic production. Pifithrin-μ research buy These changes likely signal the future direction for the layer sector with the acceleration of the conversion of cage to barn and aviary systems with outdoor access. This can come with unintended consequences from bone fracture to increased disease exposure, all requiring solutions. In the near future, the laying period of hens will be routinely extended to improve the economics and environmental footprint of producre less efficient and do not compete economically in the meat or egg market; however, as consumer awareness increases viable markets are emerging. These priorities are the response to economic, environmental, ethical and consumer pressures that are already having a strong impact on the egg industry. They will continue to evolve in the next decade and if supported by a strong research and development effort, a more efficient and ethical egg-laying industry should emerge.The food production system needs to be sustainable including poultry sector to feed the increasing global population. An accepted economical and environmental approach of broiler production is to produce larger broilers faster while using less feed. Broiler production is aimed at producing consumable meat and meat products. The global broiler meat market has evolved over the years with increasing selection pressure shifted toward attaining yield characteristics for increased cut-up parts such as breast and thighs. There is a shift toward a big bird market in the U.S. with approximately 70% of the broiler meat produced from large birds (>2.72 kg). Genetic selection of broilers for quantitative traits such as growth rate and lean muscle mass without increasing the fat mass has altered broiler physiological homeostasis to adapt toward the larger rates of muscle protein turnover. Physiological stresses created due to selection pressures in broilers have produced several muscle myopathies including an emerging one called woody breast myopathy. The sustainable broiler production practice may require humane consideration of raising broilers in less stressful grow-out regimes that will have minimal impact on broiler metabolic health. Another sustainability approach of broiler production toward feed efficiency lies on understanding dietary formulation approach of amino acids and energy that promote optimal nutrient utilization and minimal nutrient output to environment while also fulfilling the growth demands and body composition changes associated with increased protein gain in current meat broilers brought by the genetic progress.Animals form an integral part of our planetary ecosystem but balance is critical to effective ecosystem functioning as demand for livestock products has increased, greater numbers of domesticated livestock have created an imbalance and hence had a negative impact on a number of ecosystem services which means that life as we know it will become unsustainable. Policies and technology advances have helped to manage the impact but more needs to be done. The aim of this paper is to highlight ways in which better knowledge of animal science, and other disciplines, can both harness technology and inform policy to work towards a sustainable balance between livestock and the environment. Effective policies require simple, quantifiable indicators against which to set targets and monitor progress. Indicators are clear for water pollution, but more complex for biodiversity. Hence, more progress has been made with the former. It is not yet possible to measure the impacts of changes in livestock management on greenhouse gaptimize diets not just in terms of least cost financially but also least 'cost' in terms of global carbon flux and engage in dialogue with the food industry and policy makers on regulations for grain quality. The degree of stenosis on coronary CT angiography (CCTA) guides referral for CT-derived flow reserve (FFRct). We sought to assess whether semiquantitative assessment of high-risk plaque (HRP) features on CCTA improves selection of studies for FFRct over stenosis assessment alone. Per-vessel FFRct was computed in 1,395 vessels of 836 patients undergoing CCTA with 25-99% maximal stenosis. By consensus analysis, stenosis severity was graded as 25-49%, 50-69%, 70-89%, and 90-99%. HRPs including low attenuation plaque (LAP), positive remodeling (PR), and spotty calcification (SC) were assessed in lesions with maximal stenosis. Lesion FFRct was measured distal to the lesion with maximal stenosis, and FFRct<0.80 was defined as abnormal. Association of HRP and abnormal lesion FFRct was evaluated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. The frequency of abnormal lesion FFRct increased with increase of stenosis severity across each stenosis category (25-49%6%; 50-69%30%; 70-89%54%; 90-99%91%, p​<​0.001). Univariable analysis demonstrated that stenosis severity, LAP, and PR were predictive of abnormal lesion FFRct, while SC was not. In multivariable analyses considering stenosis severity, presence of PR, LAP, and PR and/or LAP were independently associated with abnormal FFRct Odds ratio 1.58, 1.68, and 1.53, respectively (p​<​0.02 for all). The presence of PR and/or LAP increased the frequency of abnormal FFRct with mild stenosis (p​<​0.05) with a similar trend with 70-89% stenosis. The combination of 2 HRP (LAP and PR) identified more lesions with FFR < 0.80 than only 1 HRP. Semiquantitative visual assessment of high-risk plaque features may improve the selection of studies for FFRct.Semiquantitative visual assessment of high-risk plaque features may improve the selection of studies for FFRct.