In single-fiber tensile tests, the latter was stronger, with a Young's modulus of up to 19 GPa and tensile strength of 229 MPa.Refining of industrial lignin to produce homogeneous fractions is essential for high-value applications. However, the understanding of key interactions between a variety of solvents with lignin polymer is still uncertain. In this work, single-step fractionation of industrial hardwood kraft lignin (HKL) using organic solvents of different polarities - ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether and hexane - was investigated by combining an experimental and theoretical approach. Experimental results revealed that higher polarity solvents (ethanol and acetone) exhibited higher solubility yield compared to moderate and low polarity solvents. The chemical differences between lignin fractions were proven by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry and near infrared spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicated that ethanol presented higher interaction energy followed by acetone, diethyl ether and hexane, which was consistent with experimental findings. Hydrogen bond and non-covalent interaction results from DFT demonstrated that the predominant interaction was found for high polarity of ethanol over other solvents and γ-OH in the lignin model is the key site.E150d is a food additive used to increase palatability and impart colour to foods and drinks. Known as 'caramel dye', it contains 4-methylimidazole, a cytotoxic molecule for animal models and human. Recently, the growing consumption of E150d causes an increasing release of this additive into the environment, particularly in water bodies. For this reason, in this study it was assessed the toxic effect of E150d on zebrafish embryos, a conventional aquatic model organism. Six hours post fertilization embryos were treated with two different concentrations of E150d (0.3 g/L and 0.6 g/L) for 72 h and their embryonic development was studied. It emerged that this food additive induced toxic effects on hatching, survival, embryos phenotype and cardiac beat with a dose-dependent trend. Furthermore, it impaired swimming performance and induced damages in skeletal muscles and pericardial cavity. Data obtained showed the risk associated with the dispersion of E150d in water bodies suggesting that a greater attention should be paid in avoiding an unnecessary use so to preserve human and environmental health.Childhood psychopathology can cause an array of adverse outcomes later in later life, including substance use disorders (SUDs). Perhaps because substance abuse is thought to be on the externalizing continuum, the prospective association between childhood externalizing disorders and SUDs is more frequently studied than the association with internalizing disorder. selleck kinase inhibitor Indeed, research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder (CD) quite consistently demonstrate that these disorders are associated with increased SUDs risk in later life.1 However, although it is often thought that only externalizing disorders in childhood increase the risk of SUDs in later life, there is evidence, albeit more fragmented, for a similar association between internalizing disorders in childhood and later substance use.1 Because internalizing and externalizing disorders are often comorbid, it is vital to investigate their joint effect on the developmental trajectory toward SUDs. So far, this trajectory has mainly been studied from an externalizing perspective, but Virtanen et al.2 studied this prospective association with internalizing disorders as the start point, while considering the possibility of biological sex-specific patterns. Computational models provide information about cognitive components underlying behavior. When applied to psychopathology-relevant processes, they offer additional insight to observed differences in behavioral performance. Drift diffusion models have been successfully applied to investigate processing efficiency during binary choice tasks. Using these models, we examine the association between psychopathology (irritability and inattention/hyperactivity) and processing efficiency under different attentional demands. A total of 187 youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), both disorders, or no major psychopathology (age, mean ± SD, 13.09 ± 2.55 y, 34% female) completed an Eriksen Flanker task. Of these, 87 youths provided complete data on dimensional measures of the core symptom of DMDD (irritability) and those of ADHD (inattention and hyperactivity). In a categorical diagnosis-based analysis (n= 187), we found significant interactive effecdifficulty adjusting processing efficiency to changing task demands, possibly reflecting impairments in cognitive flexibility.Sex differences in METH use exist among human METH users and in animal models of METH addiction. Herein, we tried to identify potential differences in gene expression between female and male rats after Methamphetamine self-administration (METH SA). Rats were trained to self-administer METH using two 3-hours daily sessions for 20 days. Cue-induced drug seeking was measured on withdrawal days 3 (WD3) and 30 (WD30). Rats were euthanized twenty-four hours after WD30. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) were dissected to measure mRNA expression. Both female and male rats increased their METH intake and showed increased METH seeking during withdrawal. Female had higher basal level expression of hypocretin receptor 1 (Hcrtr1) and prodynorphin (Pdyn) mRNAs in the PFC and HIP. Basal corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (Crhr1), Crh receptor 2 (Crhr2), hypocretin receptor 2 (Hcrtr2) and opioid receptor kappa 1 (Oprk1) mRNA levels were higher in the PFC of females. Male rats had higher basal levels of Crh and Crhr1 in HIP. METH SA was associated with increased Crh and Crhr1 in the HIP of both sexes and Crhr2 only in female HIP. Importantly, increased Crh and Crhr1 mRNA levels correlated positively with incubation of METH craving in both sexes, supporting their potential involvement, in part, in the regulation of this behavioral phenomenon. When taken together, our results identified sexual dimorphic baseline differences in rats. We also detected dimorphic responses in animals that had self-administered METH. These observations highlight the importance of understanding the molecular neurobiology of sex differences when therapeutic interventions are planned against METH addiction.