In general it may be said that where the objects are known to us, no such illusion of distance occurs in any one as the theory would require. But still the time may reach us, good my friend. These, he thinks, are originally seen in what, broadly speaking, may be termed one plane with it. When we follow a moving object with our gaze, the motion is 'voluntary'; when our eyes oscillate to and fro after we have made ourselves dizzy by spinning around, it is 'reflex'; and when the eyeball is pushed with the finger, it is 'passive.' Now, in all three of these cases we get a feeling from the movement as it effects itself. I have now made mention of all the more important phenomena of the hypnotic trance. Unilateral contractures, movements, paralyses, hallucinations, etc., are made to pass to the other side of the body, hallucinations to disappear, or to change to the complementary color, suggested emotions to pass into their opposites, etc. Its changes of apparent size, as the convergence of the eyes alter, also prove the change of apparent distance. If two half-dollars be laid on the table an inch or two apart, and the eyes fixate steadily the point of a pen held in the median line at varying distances between the coins and the face, there will come a distance at which the pen stands between the left half-dollar and the right eye, and the right half-dollar and the left eye. If the read er will hold his forefingers, one beyond the other, in the median line, and fixate them alternately, he will see the one not looked at, double; and he will also notice that it appears nearer to the plane of the one looked at, whichever the latter may be, than it really is. Let O be the point looked at, M an object farther, and N an object nearer, than it. Conversely, if the star be looked at directly with parallel axes, O will be seen double, because its images will affect the outer or cheek halves of the two retinæ, instead of one outer and one nasal half. Everything directly looked at is seen at this point, and is thus seen both single and at its proper distance. The distance at which the axes converge seems, in fact, to exert a sort of attraction upon objects situated elsewhere. The three objects in each experiment seem in the same plane. Errors, fictions, tribal beliefs, are parts of the whole great Universe which God has made, and He must have meant all these things to be in it, each in its respective place. Here comes the first great conflict of the identity-theory with experience. As Münsterberg worked three hours a day for a year and a half at comparing the length of lines, seen with his eyes in different positions; and as he carefully averaged and 'percented' 20,000 observations, his conclusion must be listened to with great respect. All Science and all History would thus be accounted for in the deepest and simplest fashion. Thus Donders tries to prove the law of projection by taking two similar electric sparks, one behind the other on a dark ground, one seen double; or an iron rod placed so near to the eyes that its double images seem as broad as that of a fixated stove-pipe, the top and bottom of the objects being cut off by screens, so as to prevent all suggestions of perspective, etc. Objects placed elsewhere ought to seem, if not actually double, at least blurred. I know not whether Mr. It may not seem far enough off, but still it is farther than the point. Drawing the radii inside of one of the right angles in the same figure makes it seem larger than the other. Produce an after-image of the sun and look at your finger-tip: it will be smaller than your nail. Accordingly, it is impossible by projecting the after-image of a straight line upon two surfaces which make a solid angle with each other to give the line itself a sensible 'kink.' Look with it at the corner of your room: the after-image, which may overlap all three surfaces of the corner, still continues straight. Speak out, and make your choice with speed! The two questions, "Can we see single with disparate points?" and "Can we see double with identical points?" although at the first blush they may appear, as to Helmholtz they appear, to be but two modes of expressing the same inquiry, are in reality distinct. In the first case we may see a stationary field of view with one moving object in it; in the second, the total field swimming more or less steadily in one direction; in the third, a sudden jump or twist of the same total field.