An error in the first author's name is corrected.Metatarsophalangeal arthritis of the first ray of the foot, also known as hallux rigidus, is an invalidating cause of walking that is still underestimated. It is associated to a local deformation of the first ray with a limitation of the dorsal mobilization of the joint, affecting thus the propulsion of the foot. Several stages of the disease exist, and symptoms as well as the treatment will depend on the moment of the consultation. In this paper, we present the different clinical pictures and adapted treatments according to the stage of the disease, and we share our results of a new modality of surgery that conserves the articular mobility of the joint.The ambulatory management of end-of-life patients is often a complex and delicate process for general practitioners. It is often difficult for them to tackle the question of the end of life and even more so to plan for it. The Advance Care Planning (ACP) aims overall to anticipate the end of life of patients and to ensure that their choices are respected, thereby improving their quality of life at the end of life. General practitioners could therefore benefit from a tool inspired by the ACP, in an outpatient context. This article presents such a tool, built in the form of a grid now included in an electronic file used by more than 1'500 general practitioners, we hope that this document will be used for the future improvement of the ACP approach by general practitioners with their patients.The disastrous consequences of global warming call for action at every level. Primary care practices have the potential to reduce their carbon footprint by a factor of ten without changing their medical habits. The main options for carbon emissions mitigation are in the areas of heating and transport. Thirteen recommendations for action have been developed with the help of established GPs.This is a selection of some important studies published in 2020 dealing with several key organization and functioning features of family medicine. This year, two literature reviews are presented. They deal with large-scale interventions to strengthen primary care and the view of interprofessional collaboration by professionals other than physicians. A third article focuses on the link between regular visits to the general practitioner and hospitalizations. Finally, it is impossible to avoid an article related to the COVID-19 pandemic this year! This one synthesizes the potential role of primary care in the response to the pandemic.Supervisors in clinical practice need to engage in continuous education so as to acquire the appropriate pedagogical tools to continue improving their teaching abilities. A new monthly « Pedagogical Quality Cercle » (PQC) has recently been developed to provide a virtual and innovative exchange of practices focused on supervisors' difficulties during clinical placements. The article presents the conceptual framework of PQC and their teaching communities of practice and gives an example of a typical exchange between PQC facilitators and clinical teachers during a session. Future developments of CQP sessions are discussed to show how they will contribute to the improvement of the teaching skills of clinical supervisors in French-speaking Switzerland.General practitioners should be trained to teach their student about conflicts of interest with the private sector. Beyond the common issues linked to biomedical research and publications, the daily repercussions of these conflicts of interest on medical practice and prescribing must be recognized, whether it be about medical representatives, gifts, or continuing medical education. Only with a complete understanding of these daily challenges to professional ethics will it be possible to represent an appropriate "role model" for students.The COVID-19 pandemic has brought challenges that sparked a multitude of research questions at the Institutes of Family Medicine in Geneva and Lausanne. This article presents a synthesis of these questions, and the research projects that have resulted from them.LIN28A, an RNA-binding protein, plays an important role in porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the function of LIN28A in the maintenance of pluripotency in piPSCs remains unclear. Here, we explored the function of LIN28A in piPSCs based on its overexpression and knockdown. We performed total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of piPSCs and detected the expression levels of relevant genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. click here Results indicated that piPSC proliferation ability decreased following LIN28A knockdown. Furthermore, when LIN28A expression in the shLIN28A2 group was lower (by 20%) than that in the negative control knockdown group ( shNC), the pluripotency of piPSCs disappeared and they differentiated into neuroectoderm cells. Results also showed that LIN28A overexpression inhibited the expression of DUSP (dual-specificity phosphatases) family phosphatases and activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Thus, LIN28A appears to activate the MAPK signaling pathway to maintain the pluripotency and proliferation ability of piPSCs. Our study provides a new resource for exploring the functions of LIN28A in piPSCs.Intermuscular bones (IBs) are slender linear bones embedded in muscle, which ossify from tendons through a process of intramembranous ossification, and only exist in basal teleosts. IBs are essential for fish swimming, but they present a choking risk during human consumption, especially in children, which can lead to commercial risks that have a negative impact on the aquaculture of these fish. In this review, we discuss the morphogenesis and functions of IBs, including their underlying molecular mechanisms, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methods for IB studies and techniques for breeding and generating IB-free fish lines. This review reveals that the many key genes involved in tendon development, osteoblast differentiation, and bone formation, e.g., scxa, msxC, sost, twist, bmps, and osterix, also play roles in IB development. Thus, this paper provides useful information for the breeding of new fish strains without IBs via genome editing and artificial selection.