Snow accumulation and melt have multiple impacts on Land Surface Phenology (LSP) and greenness in Alpine grasslands. Our understanding of these impacts and their interactions with meteorological factors are still limited. In this study, we investigate this topic by analyzing LSP dynamics together with potential drivers, using satellite imagery and other data sources. LSP (start and end of season) and greenness metrics were extracted from time series of vegetation and leaf area index. As explanatory variables we used snow accumulation, snow cover melt date and meteorological factors. We tested for inter-annual co-variation of LSP and greenness metrics with seasonal snow and meteorological metrics across elevations and for four sub-regions of natural grasslands in the Swiss Alps over the period 2003-2014. We found strong positive correlations of snow cover melt date and snow accumulation with the start of season, especially at higher elevation. Autumn temperature was found to be important at the end of season below 2000 m above sea level (m asl), while autumn precipitation was relevant above 2000 m asl, indicating climatic growth limiting factors to be elevation dependent. The effects of snow and meteorological factors on greenness revealed that this metric tends to be influenced by temperatures at high elevations, and by snow melt date at low elevations. Given the high sensitivity of alpine grassland ecosystems, these results suggest that alpine grasslands may be particularly affected by future changes in seasonal snow, to varying degree depending on elevation. V.The relationship between canopy urban heat islands (CUHIs) and surface urban heat islands (SUHIs) at four times daily temporal resolution remains unclear. The CUHI-SUHI relationship is investigated using four observations per day without temporal averaging in Shanghai, Beijing, Birmingham, and Taipei, with 201 of 2232 CUHI-SUHI pairs exhibiting significant UHI differences in their spatial distributions and intensities. These 201 UHI difference cases are determined by the correlation coefficients between air and surface temperature less then 0.2. The SPAtial EFficiency (SPAEF) multiple-component performance metric is applied to compare the spatiotemporal patterns of SUHIs derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data and CUHIs acquired from either meteorological observations or numerical simulations. The results indicate that 81.09% of the UHI differences occurred during the daytime, and were caused by local air advection related to wind speed ≥2 m/s and land surface conditions in the study areas. We conclude that joint analysis of CUHIs and SUHIs should be conducted to characterize urban thermal environments and that current urban planning procedures should integrate these UHI differences to develop effective mitigation strategies and adaptation measures. Synchronously controlling the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) release from sediments is an important basis for eutrophication management in lakes, but it is still a technical challenge at present. Loading nano-bubbles on the surface of natural minerals to increase dissolved oxygen(DO) level at the sediment-water interface (SWI)provides a possible solution to this problem. In this study, oxygen nano-bubble modified mineral (ONBMM) technology was developed, and its efficiency of oxygenation at the SWI and effect on the removal of internal nutrient input were evaluated under simulated conditions. The results showed that ONBMM effectively improved DO levels near the SWI; the highest concentration reached 6.55 mgL-1. Meanwhile, adding ONBMM remarkably reduced the concentrations of total P(TP), total N(TN) and ammonia N(NH3-N) in the overlying water. Compared with the control group, the fluxes of TP, NH3-N, and TN loading from sediments in simulation cores treated with ONBMM reduced by 96.4%, 51.1%, and 24.9%, respectively. The high-resolution data obtained by DGT showed that ONBMM effectively inhibited the reduction and release of FeP through increasing the oxygen level at the SWI. The results of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing showed that adding ONBMM strengthened the role of nitrobacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and ammonia oxidation bacteria at the SWI. The ONBMM technology provides a new tool to achieve oxygenation at the SWI and in situ control of internal pollution in eutrophic lakes. This study aims to analyze the correlation between weather and covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta Indonesia. This study employed a secondary data analysis of surveillance data of covid-19 from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia and weather from the Meteorological Department of the Republic of Indonesia. The components of weather include minimum temperature (°C), maximum temperature (°C), temperature average (°C), humidity (%), and amount of rainfall (mm). Spearman-rank correlation test was used for data analysis. Among the components of the weather, only temperature average (°C) was significantly correlated with covid-19 pandemic (r = 0.392; p  less then  .01). The finding serves as an input to reduce the incidence rate of covid-19 in Indonesia. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely detected in the environment, especially in estuarine and coastal areas where fluctuation of salinity occurs. Salinity alteration affected the distribution of PFAAs and even the bioaccumulation in organisms. learn more However, the inner mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a euryhaline fish model, was exposed to four PFAAs congeners under three different salinities (0, 15 and 35 psu). Results showed that the bioaccumulation of PFAAs increased in fish as the water salinity increased. PFAAs with longer lengths of carbon‑fluorine bond showed higher bioaccumulation in the fish. Salinity did not alter the levels of PFAAs in water media, however, the uptake rate of PFAAs from gills did increase with the salinity. Further analysis of the mechanism showed that PFAA bound to branchial proteins as confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Higher expressions of proteins binding to PFAAs including organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) facilitated the uptake of PFAAs through gills in fish culturing under higher salinity.