Conversely, the public was already acquainted with the process of modifying the refractive index by applying pressure to the cornea, leading to enhanced long-term visual clarity, much like the popular LASIK procedure introduced in the mid-1990s. The use of contact lenses, similar in designation to 'lens' and in their impact on vision correction, alongside the prevalence of LASIK, whose underlying concept mirrored the regulation of corneal refraction, paved the way for the comparatively smooth integration of orthokeratology. Although contact lens technology for vision correction emerged, it was not a straightforward process, encountering conflicts along the way. A conflict materialized between optometry experts, traditionally responsible for the craft of spectacles and lenses, and the newly dominant opticians. Due to a significant surge in optician numbers and the 1989 implementation of the optician system, ophthalmologists, long in charge of optometry and prescriptions, had to hand over some aspects of inspection. There was no choice left to them but to observe the expanding business of opticians, who manufactured glasses and sold them along with contact lenses after their own vision assessments. Unlike techniques addressing visual acuity issues caused by corneal refractive errors, corneal resection, a surgical procedure for correcting the corneal refractive error itself, has become an ophthalmologist's specialized procedure. Additionally, Dream Lens, correcting corneal refractive error via a similar mechanism, has also become integral to professional medical practice, calling for more specialized evaluations and therapies than eyeglasses or contact lenses. Examining the entry of vision correction technologies, from contact lenses to dream lenses, into Korean society over the past few decades, this paper reveals new understandings of how similar medical technologies establish themselves and the conflicts that arise between the experts involved.This article scrutinizes the growth of prosthetic technology and business in the United States before the First World War, using the case of the A. A. Marks Artificial Limb Company as a prominent illustrative example. In New York, Amasa A. Marks launched the artificial limb company, A. A. Marks, in the year 1853. As the First World War approached, the company's position as the largest supplier of artificial limbs in the United States had been firmly entrenched, alongside its widespread international acclaim and distribution of products across the world. This paper explores the development of American artificial limb companies before the war, specifically how their position straddled the lines of art and medicine, surgery and disability care, at a period when their occupation was still in its formative stages. The societal evolution within American culture, from the mid-nineteenth century's growth in the artificial limb industry to the outbreak of the First World War, significantly shaped the development of prosthetics and the perception of disability. Civil War battlefields witnessed numerous casualties, yet soldiers survived limb loss due to medical breakthroughs in amputation techniques that enabled surgeons to save lives. A surge in disabled veterans demanded enhanced mechanical and public resources for their rehabilitation. To facilitate national reconstruction and alleviate the sense of damaged masculinity suffered by war veterans, both Union and Confederate states ensured public funding for the creation of artificial limbs. Postbellum America witnessed a concurrent rise in both the need for artificial limbs and the prevalence of deformity and amputation. The rising brutality of industrial machinery and the unfortunate accidents of the railroad age contributed to this rise, significantly increasing the number of individuals requiring such prosthetics. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries witnessed a transformation of both societal attitudes and legal frameworks concerning the visibility of injured bodies in public spaces. Such advancements in technology, medicine, and social norms propelled the growth of artificial limb manufacturer A. A. Marks. Amasa Marks's company expanded the prosthetics market, utilizing both strategically patented technological advancements and thoughtfully crafted marketing strategies to attract and retain customers. A surge in customer numbers led the company to accumulate substantial quantitative and qualitative data, originating from patient feedback, interviews, and internal analysis. camk signaling Customer experiences of disability, including patterns and mortality rates, were analyzed by George E. Marks, Amasa Marks's son and a company representative, in the late 19th century. Criticizing surgical methods and offering second opinions on amputation procedures, George Marks leveraged the company's substantial experience with numerous patient cases. He focused on upgrading the limb maker's standing, shifting their role from an artisan to a specialist, and in turn modifying the connection between medicine and prosthetics and the surgeon-prosthetist partnership. Furthermore, he communicated patient concerns and requirements to medical professionals, concurrently disseminating the company's research and expertise to surgeons and the public through the publication of treatises, articles, and handbooks. Henceforth, the company instigated a significant epistemological transformation, prioritizing the prosthetic viewpoint over amputation surgery, not simply as a post-operative measure.This paper explores the technological trajectory of smallpox vaccination within the Chinese context. A study of the influence of technology and instruments on medical advancement in China aims to deepen comprehension of modern Chinese society through the process of smallpox vaccination, while simultaneously analyzing the technological and instrumental effects. The introduction of pus from the cow disease, cowpox, during smallpox vaccination fosters immunity against smallpox in the recipient. Alexander Pearson's successful implementation of the arm-to-arm transfer method for smallpox vaccination, a pioneering achievement in 1805 China, directly resulted from the vaccine's arrival in Macao. Pearson and Quixi, continuing the tradition set by Pearson with their use of the arm-to-arm technique, exhibited a lack of concern for vaccine containers. Nevertheless, the method of vaccine administration transformed; the vaccine, initially extracted from humans, was then introduced into cows, and subsequently reintroduced into humans. This ultimately led to the creation of a multitude of vaccine containers, including glass vials and tubes. The expansion of cowpox vaccination benefited significantly from the creation of advanced tools. Importation of cowpox vaccines was conducted from foreign nations. Imported vaccines, as evidenced by existing advertisements, were common. In promoting vaccines, pharmacies asserted that the import and sale of vaccines was exclusively for the well-being of the Chinese people. Different voices, however, opposed the use of imported vaccines, claiming that they were costly and not produced domestically. Motivated by profound patriotic fervor and nationalistic aspirations, citizens championed the development of vaccines in China, thereby establishing significant vaccine production facilities in key urban areas, such as Shanghai and Beijing. The pursuit of vaccines, detailed above, is further illuminated by the Chinese approach to smallpox vaccination. Traditional Chinese medicine advocates that acupuncture needles can be employed in a similar manner to vaccination lancets. Due to traditional Chinese medicine's prior application of cowpox to protect against smallpox, they asserted that acupuncture should be the preferred method over Western medical instruments, consequently expanding the influence of traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine exerts a substantial influence, as demonstrated by the belief that inoculations should be targeted at acupuncture points in the upper arms. On the contrary, the Chinese population's unwillingness to cover vaccine marks highlights the dominant aesthetic norms of the era, contrasting with traditional Chinese interpretations. Subsequently, the practice of smallpox vaccination in China, although aligned with broader technological developments, could not help but be shaped by the intricacies of modern Chinese society. As a result, the approaches to smallpox inoculation provide a pathway to understanding the social and cultural fabric of modern China. In view of this, literary-focused historical researchers should also incorporate medical technology and instruments into their studies.Through the application of natural language processing (NLP) algorithms, this study sought to categorize contributing factors identified in patient safety events (PSEs). Components of the healthcare process, including communication snags, can be considered instigating or enabling factors in the event chain. The investigation into the root causes of safety events can benefit from a more detailed analysis of contributing factors.From a multi-hospital healthcare system in the USA, we accessed and examined 10 years of self-reported PSE reports. Reports were initially sorted and chosen based on the date of the event. We ascertained.N-gram values, derived from the bag-of-words model, are ranked, and the N n-grams with the highest values are then chosen.This list contains the values. To focus on relevant sentences, the PSE reports were filtered to retain only those sentences including the selected ngrams. Sentences possessing a high density of information were termed 'information-rich sentences'. We examined two techniques for extracting features from free-form text data: (1) a fundamental bag-of-words model and (2) features sourced from sentences packed with information. Classification of five contributing factors, namely sociotechnical errors, communication/hand-off failures, technology issues, policy/procedure problems, and distractions/interruptions and lapses/slips, was achieved through the application of three machine learning algorithms.