Mathematical models have shed light on the dynamics of HIV- 1 infection in vivo. In this paper, we generalize continuous mathematical models of drug therapy for HIV-1 by Perelson et al. (Science 2711582-1586, 1996) and Perelson and Nelson (SIAM Rev 413-44, 1999) on time scales, i.e., a nonempty closed subset of real numbers in order to derive new discrete models that predict the total concentration of plasma virus as a function of time. One of our main goals is to compare discrete mathematical models with the continuous model in Perelson et al. (1996) where HIV infected patients were given protease inhibitors and sampled frequently thereafter. For the comparison, we use experimental data collected in Perelson et al. (1996) and estimate the parameters such as the virion clearance rate and the rate of loss of infected cells by fitting the total concentration of plasma virus to this data set. Our results show that discrete systems describe the best fit. In the previous models of this study, the efficacy of protease inhibitor is assumed to be perfect. Motivated by Perelson and Nelson (1999), we end the paper with a mathematical model of imperfect protease inhibitor and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor combination therapy of HIV-1 infection on time scales with its stability analysis.Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) contain 12 family members(CEACAM1、CEACAM3、CEACAM4、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM7、CEACAM8、CEACAM16、CEACAM18、CEACAM19、CEACAM20 and CEACAM21)and are expressed diversely in different normal and tumor tissues. CEA (CEACAM5) has been used as a tumor biomarker since 1965. Here we review the latest research and development of the structures, expression, and function of CEACAMs in normal and tumor tissues, and their application in the tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We focus on recent clinical studies of CEA targeted cancer immunotherapies, including bispecific antibody (BsAb) for radio-immuno-therapy and imaging, bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). We summarize the promising clinical relevance and challenges of these approaches and give perspective view for future research. This review has important implications in understanding the diversified biology of CEACAMs in normal and tumor tissues, and their new role in tumor immunotherapy.Purpose Fetal brain abnormalities are some of the most common congenital malformations that may associated with syndromic and chromosomal malformations, and could lead to neurodevelopmental delay and mental retardation. Early prenatal detection of brain abnormalities is essential for informing clinical management pathways and consulting for parents. The purpose of this research is to develop computer-aided diagnosis algorithms for five common fetal brain abnormalities, which may provide assistance to doctors for brain abnormalities detection in antenatal neurosonographic assessment. Methods We applied a classifier to classify images of fetal brain standard planes (transventricular and transcerebellar) as normal or abnormal. The classifier was trained by image-level labeled images. In the first step, craniocerebral regions were segmented from the ultrasound images. Proteases inhibitor Then, these segmentations were classified into four categories. Last, the lesions in the abnormal images were localized by class activation mapping. Results We evaluated our algorithms on real-world clinical datasets of fetal brain ultrasound images. We observed that the proposed method achieved a Dice score of 0.942 on craniocerebral region segmentation, an average F1-score of 0.96 on classification and an average mean IOU of 0.497 on lesion localization. Conclusion We present computer-aided diagnosis algorithms for fetal brain ultrasound images based on deep convolutional neural networks. Our algorithms could be potentially applied in diagnosis assistance and are expected to help junior doctors in making clinical decision and reducing false negatives of fetal brain abnormalities.Background The Hands-On Surgical Training in Congenital Heart Surgery (HOST-CHS) program using 3D printed heart models has received positive feedback from attendees. However, improvements were necessary in the simulator set up to replicate the ergonomics experienced in the operating room. This paper illustrates the development of a dynamic chest wall and operating table simulator to enhance the simulation experience. Methods The simulator was designed to address the limitations with the existing set up. This included a suboptimal operating position, unrealistic surgical exposure and limitations in illuminating the operative field and recording procedures. A combination of computer-aided design and various 3D-printing techniques were used to build the components. The simulator's usefulness was evaluated by surgeons who attended the 5th annual HOST course via a questionnaire. Results The simulator consists of three components; an operating table simulator which allows height adjustment and pitch-and-roll motion; a suture retraction disc, which holds sutures under tension to improve exposure; and a pediatric chest wall cavity to replicate a surgeon's access experience during surgery. Nineteen surgeons completed the questionnaire. All surgeons agreed that the addition of the simulator was acceptable for surgical simulation and that it helped replicate the ergonomics experienced in the operating room. Conclusions The inclusion of the HOST-CHS simulator adds value to simulation in congenital heart surgery (CHS) as it replicates the view and exposure a surgeon experiences. Improvements like these will help develop high-fidelity simulation programs in CHS, which could be utilized to train surgeons globally.Aim of the study The present study aimed to identify risk factors for unsuccessful CR. Introduction Closed reduction (CR) represents the gold standard for treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), but to a minor percentage, it fails to reduce dysplastic hips successfully. Methods Seventy-three dysplastic hips underwent closed reduction and post-interventional MRI of the pelvis. MRIs were evaluated for successful reduction of the hip, volumes of femoral heads, and acetabular diameter. Initial treatment results were correlated to AC angles at two years of follow-up. Contralateral, healthy hips served as control. Results Out of 73 instable, dysplastic hips, there were nine cases of CR failure. These cases showed significantly increased femoral head volumes (p = 0.002) and a significantly (p = 0.02) larger ratio of femoral head volume to acetabular opening area. There was no significant difference (p = 0.15) in acetabular diameter between both groups. At two years of follow-up, AC angles were significantly (p = 0.