We could control the highest and the mean X-ray energies generated from the transmission-type anode using the anode voltage. For the same anode voltage and aluminum filtration, when we compared the X-ray energy spectrum generated from the transmission-type anode with that of the conventional reflection-type anode, we observed that the two energy spectra agreed with each other.The aim of this work was to identify stable topical platform cream formulations (placebo creams without active drug substance) using the quality attributes of cream consistency, droplet size distribution ( less then 1 μm), and separation or instability index of less then 0.1 to accelerate the development of topical cream drug product. The formulations were developed with six emulsifier systems that were screened in three different solvent systems across a range of emulsifier ratios. Each formulation was characterized by microscopy, separation index, and consistency. The results showed that there are three emulsifier combination (PEG 40 stearateGMS, S21S2, and PEG 40 stearateSpan 60) that works well with the solvent systems. Platform cream formulations F4, F15, F33, F40, F52, F69, F77, F87, and F106 were found to meet the three criteria for a long-term stable platform cream formulation. Formulation development for topical administered drug product can be very time consuming, expensive, and resourceful in identifying a chemically and physically stable product. In early development, where it can take 1-2 years to develop a first time in human (FTIH) formulation for a new chemical entity. The use of the platform base cream formulations will expedite the early development timeline for new chemical entity by 3-6 months.Objective This study aimed to investigate the incidence rates, risk factors, and clinical implications of delayed hypoparathyroidism on postoperative day two (POD-2) after total thyroidectomy in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Methods This study included 410 patients with normal serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and calcium levels on POD-1 who were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of delayed hypoparathyroidism on POD-2. Results Of the 410 patients, 98 experienced delayed hypoparathyroidism on POD-2 (23.9%). The significant risk factors for delayed hypoparathyroidism on POD-2 included female gender, age older than 45 years, central lymph node dissection, increased number of excised lymph nodes, and low POD-1 versus preoperative iPTH ratios. Additionally, delayed hypoparathyroidism on POD-2 was found to be a significant risk factor for hypocalcemia on POD-2 and permanent hypoparathyroidism. Conclusion Prophylactic calcium supplementation and long-term surveillance for permanent hypoparathyroidism should be considered in patients with risk factors for delayed hypoparathyroidism on POD-2.Obesity is characterized by excessive fat accumulation and inflammation. Aging has also been characterized as an inflammatory condition, frequently accompanied by accumulation of visceral fat. AEW541 Beneficial effects of exercise and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in metabolic disorders have been described. GLUT12 is one of the less investigated members of the GLUT family. Glucose, insulin and TNF-α induce GLUT12 translocation to the membrane in muscle, adipose tissue and intestine. We aimed to investigate GLUT12 expression in obesity and aging, and under diet supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alone or in combination with physical exercise in mice. Aging increased GLUT12 expression in intestine, kidney and adipose tissue, whereas obesity reduced it. No changes on the transporter occurred in skeletal muscle. In obese 18-months-old mice, DHA further decreased GLUT12 in the four organs. Aerobic exercise alone did not modify GLUT12, but the changes triggered by exercise were able to prevent DHA diminishing effect, and almost restored GLUT12 basal levels. In conclusion, the downregulation of metabolism in aging would be a stimulus to upregulate GLUT12 expression. Contrary, obesity, an excessive energy condition, would induce GLUT12 downregulation. The combination of exercise and DHA would contribute to restore basal function of GLUT12. Novelty bullets • In small intestine, kidney and adipose tissue aging increase GLUT12 protein expression whereas obesity reduces it. • Dietary DHA decreases GLUT12 in small intestine, kidney, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. • Exercise alone does not modify GLUT12 expression, nevertheless exercise prevents the DHA-diminishing effect on GLUT12.Introduction Traditional mechanical closure techniques pose many challenges including risk of infection, tissue reaction and injury to both patients and clinicians. There is an urgent need to develop tissue adhesive agents to reform closure technique. This review examined a variety of tissue adhesive agents available in the market in an attempt to gain better understanding of intracorporal tissue adhesive agents as medical devices.Areas covered Fundamental principles and clinical determinants of the tissue adhesives were summarized. The available tissue adhesives for intracorporal use and their relevant clinical evidence were then presented. Lastly, the perspective of future development for intracorporal tissue adhesive were discussed. Clinical evidence show current agents are efficacious as adjunctive measures to mechanical closure and these agents have been trialed outside of clinical indications with varied results.Expert opinion Despite some advancements in the development of tissue adhesives, there is still a demand to develop novel technologies in order to address unmet clinical needs, including low tensile strength in wet conditions, non-controllable polymerisation and sub-optimal biocompatibility. Research trends focus on producing novel adhesive agents to remit these challenges. Examples include, the development of biomimetic adhesives, externally activated adhesives and multiple crosslinking strategies. Economic feasibility and biosafety are limiting factors for clinical implementation.We tested the hypothesis that static stretching, an acute, non-metabolic fatiguing intervention, reduces exercise tolerance by increasing muscle activation and affecting muscle bioenergetics during cycling in the "severe" intensity domain. Ten active men (24±2 years, 74±11 kg, 176±8 cm) repeated an identical constant load cycling test, two tests were done in control conditions and two after stretching, that caused a 5% reduction of maximal isokinetic sprinting power output. We measured i) oxygen consumption (VO2); ii) electromyography iii) deoxyhemoglobin iv) blood lactate ([La-]); v) time to exhaustion (TTE) vi) perception of effort. Finally, VO2 and deoxyhemoglobin kinetics were determined. Force reduction following stretching was accompanied by augmented muscle excitation at a given workload (p=0.025), and a significant reduction in TTE (p=0.002). The time to peak of VO2 was reduced by stretching (p=0.034), suggesting an influence of the increased muscle excitation on the VO2 kinetics. Moreover, stretching was associated with a mismatch between O2 delivery and utilization during the on-kinetic, increased perception of effort and [La-], that are all compatible with an increased contribution of the glycolytic energy system to sustain the same absolute intensity.