n the I-SPY 2 clinical trial.This article recaps a variety of interesting catalytic studies based on solubilized and freely movable noble metal nanoparticle catalysts employed for organic reactions in either pure water or water-organic biphasic systems. Small organic ligand-capped metal nanoparticles are fundamentally attractive materials due to their enormous potential as a well-defined system that can provide spatial control near active catalytic sites. The nanoparticle catalysts are first grouped based on the synthetic method (direct reduction, phase transfer, and redispersion) and then again based on the type of reaction such as alkene hydrogenation, arene hydrogenation, nitroaromatic reduction, carbon-carbon coupling reactions, etc. The impacts of various ligands on the catalytic activity and selectivity of semi-heterogeneous nanoparticles in water are discussed in detail. The catalytic systems using polymers, dendrimers, and ionic liquids as supporting or protecting materials are excluded from the subject of this review.A two-dimensional nanoparticle-single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) array has been assembled for the detection of bacterial species using machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Out of 60 unknowns prepared from bacterial lysates, 54 unknowns were predicted correctly. Furthermore, the nanosensor array, supported by ML algorithms, was able to distinguish wild-type Escherichia coli from its mutant by a single gene difference. In addition, the nanosensor array was able to distinguish untreated wild-type E. coli from those treated with antimicrobial drugs. This work demonstrates the potential of nanoparticle-ssDNA arrays and ML algorithms for the discrimination and identification of complex biological matrixes.Acquired hemophilia A and acquired von Willebrand syndrome are rare, but life-threatening bleeding disorders that require prompt diagnosis and treatment by hematologists. Acquired hemophilia A is defined as an acquired severe bleeding tendency caused by autoantibody formation against coagulation factor VIII. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome is characterized by a new onset bleeding tendency caused by a reduced concentration and/or function of von Willebrand factor. These disorders are associated with a variety of underlying disorders, including various hematological malignancies, for example, plasma cell disorders, lymphoproliferative disorders, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. It is of utmost important to recognize these acquired bleeding disorders in these patients who are at risk for severe bleeding, and to perform additional diagnostic hemostasis laboratory evaluation. This will enable immediate diagnosis of the acquired bleeding disorder and management of both the bleeding episodes and the causative underlying disorder. In recent years, several new etiological factors for acquired hemophilia A, such as treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors or DPP-4 inhibitors and SARS-CoV2 infection, and for acquired von Willebrand syndrome, for example, left ventricular assist devices, have been identified and also new treatment options have become available. In this concise review, the most recent data on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired bleeding disorders are presented and discussed.Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an exemplar of bidirectional translational research, starting with a remarkable astute observation of the abnormally shaped red blood cells that motivated decades of bench research that have now translated into new drugs and genetic therapies. read more Introduction of hydroxyurea (HU) therapy, the only SCD-modifying treatment for >30 years and now standard care, was initiated through another clinical observation by a pediatrician. While the clinical efficacy of HU is primarily due to its fetal hemoglobin (HbF) induction, the exact mechanism of how it increases HbF remains not fully understood. Unraveling of the molecular mechanism of how HU increases HbF has provided insights on the development of new HbF-reactivating agents in the pipeline. HU has other salutary effects, reduction of cellular adhesion to the vascular endothelium and inflammation, and dissecting these mechanisms has informed bench-both cellular and animal-research for development of the 3 recently approved agents endari, voxelotor, and crizanlizumab; truly, a bidirectional bench to bedside translation. Decades of research to understand the mechanisms of fetal to adult hemoglobin have also culminated in promising anti-sickling genetic therapies and the first-in-human studies of reactivating an endogenous (γ-globin) gene HBG utilizing innovative genomic approaches.The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key feature of adaptive humoral immunity. GCs represent the site where mature B cells refine their B-cell receptor (BCR) and are selected based on the newly acquired affinity for the antigen. In the GC, B cells undergo multiple cycles of proliferation, BCR remodeling by immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation (SHM), and affinity-based selection before emerging as effector memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells. At least 2 histologically and functionally distinct compartments are identified in the GC the dark zone (DZ) and the light zone (LZ). The proliferative burst and immunoglobulin remodeling by SHM occur prevalently in the DZ compartment. In the LZ, GC B cells undergo an affinity-based selection process that requires the interaction with the antigen and accessory cells. GC B cells are also targeted by class switch recombination, an additional mechanism of immunoglobulin remodeling that ensures the expression of diverse isotype classes. These processes are regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and signaling pathways that act in concert with mechanisms of intra-GC B-cell trafficking. The same mechanisms underlying the unique ability of GC B cells to generate high affinity antibodies and ensure immunological memory are hijacked during lymphomagenesis and become powerful weapons for malignant transformation. This review will summarize the main processes and transcriptional networks that drive GC B-cell development and are relevant for human B-cell lymphomagenesis.