8%) cancer was absent (normal parenchyma). SPBx combined with mpMRI at confirmatory and repeated evaluation allow to reduce the reclassification rate during AS follow up (5.4% of the cases at 3 years from diagnosis).SPBx combined with mpMRI at confirmatory and repeated evaluation allow to reduce the reclassification rate during AS follow up (5.4% of the cases at 3 years from diagnosis).Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have already been approved for the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma and are now being investigated for perioperative treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Ongoing trials are assessing ICIs as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments. Early data are promising, and long-term survival data are awaited to confirm the potential of ICIs in MIBC. Surgical treatment of toe syndactyly remains controversial. The strong demand from parents for a cosmetic release is increasing in our societies. But is it worth it? The objective was to assess medium-long term outcomes and to identify the risk factors of recurrence, complication and poor clinical outcomes. Sixty-eight toe syndactylies (38 patients) undergoing surgery between 2008 and 2017 with a follow-up higher than two years were included consecutively and retrospectively. Four children (four syndactylies) were lost to follow-up and excluded. The mean age of the first surgery was 3.9 years old (0.8-16.7) and cohort mean follow-up was 6.9 years (2.8-11.2). In all patients, web release with a commissural dorsal flap was performed and associated a cutaneous resurfacing (spontaneous epithelialization, full-thickness skin graft taken from the popliteal crease, or a hyaluronic acid ester matrix). Eighteen syndactylies (28.1%) in 14 patients recurred and one syndactyly required revision surgery. An age of sied and prone to repeat the surgery.Surgical treatment of child's congenital syndactyly involves a risk of recurrence (28%) and potential complications (11,7%). Performed surgical procedure over two years old increase the risk of recurrence. African ethnicity is a risk factor in scarring complication. Only half of simple syndactylies are satisfied and prone to repeat the surgery.The gut microbiome affects the development and progress of various types of disease such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. Gut microbiome derived metabolites have been established to be predictive of arterial thrombosis in epidemiological studies. In these studies atherosclerosis and prothrombotic effect cannot be distinguished but preclinical studies show gut derived metabolites can induce platelet hyperreactivity and increase thrombotic potential. Gut commensals can also influence platelets through serotonin synthesis and may enhance Von Willebrand factor production. The effects on secondary haemostasis are less studied. In antiphospholipid syndrome, a thrombotic auto-immune disorder, autoreactive T cells and antibodies cross-react with auto-antigen mimicking peptides from gut commensals which appears to contribute to the pathophysiology. This review focusses on the prothrombotic effect of the gut microbiome and aims to provide insight into its influence on thromboembolic disease and the haemostatic system.Diabetes is a metabolic condition. The composition of the gut microbiota is altered in diabetes with reduced levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) producers, notably butyrate. Butyrate is associated with a number of beneficial effects including promoting the integrity of the gastrointestinal barrier. Diabetes may lead to an increase in the permeability of the gut barrier, which is thought to contribute to systemic inflammation and worsen the microvascular complications of diabetes. Prebiotics, non-digestible carbohydrates, are fermented by the colonic microbiota leading to the production of a range of metabolites including SCFAs. Thus, prebiotics represent a dietary approach to increase levels of microbially produced SCFAs and improve intestinal permeability in diabetes. Whether prebiotics can lead to a reduction in the risk of developing diabetes complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes needs to be explored. The Epley maneuver is applied in the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, the BPPV. However, dizziness and balance problems do not improve immediately after the treatment. In this study, the effectiveness of the head-shaking maneuver before the Epley maneuver was investigated in the treatment of BPPV. Between March 2020 and August 2020, ninety-six patients with posterior semicircular canal BPPV were analyzed prospectively. The patients were divided into two groups patients who underwent the Epley maneuver only in the treatment (Group 1) and patients who underwent the Epley maneuver after the head-shaking maneuver (Group 2). The results of the Berg balance scale and dizziness handicap index were evaluated before the treatment and at the first week after the treatment. The improvement in functional, emotional, and physical dizziness handicap index and Berg balance scale values after the treatment was found to be statistically significant in both groups. It was determined that the change in functional and physical dizziness handicap index and Berg balance scale values of the patients in Group 2 was statistically higher than those in Group 1. Although, the change in emotional dizziness handicap index values in Group 2 was higher than those in Group 1, no statistical significance was found between the groups. As a result of our hypothesis, we think that in the treatment of posterior semicircular canal BPPV, the otoliths adhered to the canal can be mobilized by the head-shaking maneuver, and this will contribute to the increase of the effectiveness of the Epley maneuver.As a result of our hypothesis, we think that in the treatment of posterior semicircular canal BPPV, the otoliths adhered to the canal can be mobilized by the head-shaking maneuver, and this will contribute to the increase of the effectiveness of the Epley maneuver. Impaired cochlear perfusion is a major etiological factor in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Oxidative stress has been shown to be a risk factor for oxidative damage. We investigated the role of oxidative stress in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss by comparing serum levels of oxidant and antioxidant molecules including thiol/disulfide homeostasis paraoxonase, stimulated thiol/disulfide homeostasis paraoxonase, arylesterase, ceruloplasmin and myeloperoxidase in patients who did and did not recover after treatment. The amount of dynamic disulfide was calculated by determining half of the difference between the total thiols and native thiols. learn more After the determination of native, total thiol, and disulfide amounts, the disulfide/total thiol percent ratio, native thiol/total thiol ratio and disulfide/native thiol percent ratio were calculated and then compared between the two groups. Additionally, clinical relationship between audiological recovery and native thiol, disulfide, disulfide/native thiol percent ratio, and disulfide/total thiol percent ratio levels was investigated.