The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of providing mindset intervention in addition to reading intervention compared with only reading intervention for fourth graders with reading difficulties. Reading intervention was provided daily in 45 min sessions throughout the school year. Mindset intervention occurred in small groups for 24-30 min lessons. Multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM) via n-level SEM was used to account for the latent variable representation of constructs, and the complex nesting and cross-classification structure of the data. Students in the reading intervention plus mindset condition significantly outperformed the business as usual condition on nonword reading (d = 0.35) as did students in the reading intervention condition (d = 0.20), who also outperformed the business as usual condition on phonological processing (d = 0.28). There were no significant differences among students in the three conditions on nonword reading, word reading, phonological processing, reading comprehension, or growth mindset. Initial reading achievement, mindset, and problem behavior did not generally moderate these findings.Our study describes the epidemiology and aetiology of cervical lymphadenopathy in children diagnosed between 2003 and 2017 at the pathology laboratory of Lomé, Togo. A total of 221 cases were collected. The average age of diagnosis of the study population was 9.8 ± 0.3 years and consisted of 118 (53.4%) boys. HIV was confirmed by indirect ELISA test in 69 (31.2%) cases. The cohort consisted of infections (n = 128, 57.9%), tumours (n = 85, 38.5%) and others (n = 8, 1.6%). The main infectious aetiology was tuberculosis (n = 84). Tumour aetiology consisted of 79 primary malignancies and three metastatic cases. Primary tumours consisted predominantly of lymphoma (n = 74), with Burkitt's lymphoma (n = 44) being the most common. Tuberculosis on a background of HIV infection remains the dominant cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in the tropical region of Togo.The benefits of high exogenous glucose availability for endurance exercise performance are well-established. Exogenous glucose oxidation rates are thought to be limited by intestinal glucose transport. Extracellular calcium in rodent intestine increases the translocation of the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2 which, if translated to humans, could increase the capacity for exogenous glucose availability during exercise. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to explore the effect of calcium co-ingestion during endurance exercise on exogenous glucose oxidation in healthy men. Eight healthy men cycled for 2 h at 50% peak power output, ingesting either 1.2 g min-1 dextrose alone (GLU) or with the addition of 2000 mg calcium (GLU + CAL), in a randomised crossover design. Expired breath samples were collected to determine whole-body and exogenous glucose oxidation. Peak exogenous glucose oxidation during GLU was 0.83 ± 0.15 g min-1, and was not enhanced during GLU + CAL (0.88 ± 0.11 g min-1, p = 0.541). The relative contributions of exogenous carbohydrate (19 ± 3% vs. 20 ± 2%, p = 0.434), endogenous carbohydrate (65 ± 3% vs. 65 ± 3%, p = 0.822) and fat (16 ± 3% vs. 15 ± 3%, p = 0.677) to total substrate utilisation did not differ between trials. These results suggest the addition of calcium to glucose ingestion, at saturating glucose ingestion rates, does not appear to alter exogenous glucose oxidation during endurance exercise in healthy men. Highlights Exogenous glucose oxidation rates during exercise are thought to be limited by intestinal glucose absorption. Previous work has suggested that calcium may facilitate GLUT2 translocation in rodent intestine, revealing the possibility that calcium could enhance intestinal glucose absorption. Data from the present study suggest that, in humans, ingesting calcium alongside glucose at saturating glucose absorption rates, does not enhance exogenous glucose oxidation rates during exercise.Aims To describe temporal trends in bulk milk antibody ELISA and PCR testing for bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in New Zealand pastoral dairy herds and to assess the use of historical accession data to predict herd-level BVD incursions. Methods Data on all diagnostic testing of bulk milk for BVD performed by the Livestock Improvement Corporation (Hamilton, NZ) over eight lactation seasons from 1 June 2010 to 31 May 2018 were analysed. This included anonymised herd identification, geographic location, herd size, sample collection date, sample to positive (S/P) ratio for antibody ELISA results, and cycle threshold values for PCR detecting viral RNA. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between historical accession data and the risk of herds having at least one positive bulk milk PCR test result in the 2017 season. Results There were 156,034 bulk milk BVD diagnostic testing accessions for 10,495 uniquely identified dairy herds over the 8-season period. selleck compound The prevalence of tested herence of dairy herds in New Zealand with positive bulk milk PCR test results and high S/P ratios has decreased over time, suggesting fewer herds are actively infected with BVD and that herd immunity may also be declining. Although monitoring trends in bulk milk test results provides useful information on changes in individual herd status, it is difficult to accurately predict when new incursions will occur and farmers should continue to maintain good biosecurity.Difficulties in mathematics have been described in very preterm children, but their origins are not well understood and may differ from other populations with specific learning disability. Very preterm children, children with learning disability, and typically developing children were compared in mathematics skills, using standardized tools, experimental tasks, and eye-tracker measures. We assessed symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparisons, number knowledge, calculation, as well as cognitive skills of 103 Italian-speaking fourth and fifth graders. Compared to typically developing peers, very preterm children showed delays in number knowledge, slower reaction times in nonsymbolic magnitude comparisons, and an atypical gaze exploration characterized by more and shorter fixations that lacked a target preference. The profile of mathematics skills of very preterm children appeared different from that of children with learning disability. Although both populations showed mainly preserved cognitive skills and slower reaction times in nonsymbolic magnitude comparisons, children with specific learning disability showed more severe impairments in calculation and were slower in symbolic magnitude comparisons, compared to very preterm children.