Swollen cells, similar to symbiont cells in midgut crypts, were induced when the mutant was treated with fosfomycin, an inhibitor of peptidoglycan precursor biosynthesis. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that the Burkholderia symbiont in midgut crypts is under the control of the host insect via a cell wall-attacking agent.Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, leads to alveolar bone destruction and subsequent tooth loss, and develops due to pro-inflammatory cytokine production induced by periodontopathic bacteria. Periodontopathic bacteria are involved in respiratory diseases, including aspiration pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other systemic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Patients with these diseases have an increased COVID-19 aggravation rate and mortality. Because aspiration of periodontopathic bacteria induces the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and production of inflammatory cytokines in the lower respiratory tract, poor oral hygiene can lead to COVID-19 aggravation. Conversely, oral care, including periodontal treatment, prevents the onset of pneumonia and influenza and the exacerbation of COPD. The reduced chance of receiving professional oral care owing to long-term hospitalization of patients with COVID-19 may increase the aggravation risk of infection in the lower respiratory tract. It can be hypothesized that periodontopathic bacteria are involved in the COVID-19 aggravation and therefore, the management of good oral hygiene potentially contributes to its prevention. Ni-Ti alloy has been increasingly applied to dental and medical devices, however, it contains nickel, which is known to have adverse effects on the human body. The purpose of this study was to form a nickel-free surface oxide layer on Ni-Ti alloy by electrolytic treatment for better biocompatibility. Ni-49.15Ti (mol%) alloy was used, and the electrolytic treatment was performed in the electrolytes under 50 V for 30 minutes. The electrolytes were composed of lactic acid, water, and glycerol with different compositions. Surface analysis and characterization of Ni-Ti alloy were carried out by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Results indicated that the outmost surface oxide layer was nickel-free when using an electrolyte comprising 7.1% lactic acid, 57.2% water, and 35.7% glycerol by volume. The composition of this nickel-free surface oxide layer was determined as TiO (OH) ∙ 0.43H O by XPS, similar to that of unalloyed titanium. The thickness of this nickel-free layer was estimated at 6.4 nm by AES. The nickel-free surface oxide layer produced on Ni-Ti alloy is considered to improve the biocompatibility of medical and dental devices having shape memory effect and/or super-elasticity.The nickel-free surface oxide layer produced on Ni-Ti alloy is considered to improve the biocompatibility of medical and dental devices having shape memory effect and/or super-elasticity.This report describes a patient with severe high angle class II malocclusion and mandibular retrusion in whom surgical orthodontic treatment to prevent an increase in ramus height resulted in a significant improvement in esthetics and long-term stability. The patient was a woman aged 30 years 5 months who presented with the chief complaint of maxillary protrusion. She had a convex facial type, a chin button on lip sealing, and a gummy smile. Cephalometric analysis revealed a normal maxilla anterior-posterior position, but significant mandibular retrusion with pronounced clockwise rotation. The anterior maxillary tooth axis was standard, but labially inclined in the mandible. Based on these findings, the diagnosis was skeletal class II high angle malocclusion and mandibular retrusion. The proposed treatment plan comprised 2-jaw surgery with premolar extraction. Le Fort I osteotomy, in particular, was planned in the maxilla to move the ANS upward by 3.0 mm and the PNS downward by 3.0 mm. Sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) was planned to adjust the mandible and move the mandible forward by 10.0 mm. To prevent postoperative relapse, the short lingual split method was used in performing the SSRO. The mandible was split to minimize stretching of the median pterygoid muscle. Postoperatively, the ANS, PNS, and pogonion showed movement of 2.0 mm upward, 3.0 mm downward, and 8.0 mm forward, respectively. Additionally, lip closure was now natural, and the gummy smile had markedly improved. At 6 years postoperatively, there has been no change skeletally or dentally. Follow-up is being continued to monitor further progress.Here, we report a case of generalized chronic periodontitis with furcation involvement that was treated successfully by means of surgical intervention. The patient was a 43-year-old man requesting treatment for periodontal disease. An initial examination revealed 42% of sites with a probing depth of ≥4 mm and 42.9% of sites with bleeding on probing. The maxillary molars showed varying degrees of furcation involvement. Radiographic examination revealed bone resorption in the molar and mandibular anterior teeth regions. Microbiological examination of subgingival plaque revealed the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia. The patient's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQL) was also assessed. Based on a clinical diagnosis of severe chronic periodontitis, initial periodontal therapy was performed. click here Plaque control, scaling and root planing, extraction, temporary fixed restoration, occlusal adjustment, and root canal treatment were implemented. Following reevaluation, open flap debridement was performed at selected sites. Root resection was performed on the distal root of #16. Prosthetic treatment was then initiated for recovery of oral function. After confirmation of appropriate occlusion and cleanability, the patient was placed on supportive periodontal therapy. Root resection improved cleanability. This clinical improvement has been adequately maintained over a 2-year period. The patient's OHRQL score showed a slight deterioration during the supportive periodontal therapy OK period, however. This indicates the need for further careful monitoring of periodontal conditions, as well as of how they are perceived by the patient themselves.