Major oil spills are catastrophic events that immensely affect the environment and society, yet determining their spatial extent is a highly complex task. During the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout, ~149,000 km2 of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) was covered by oil slicks and vast areas of the Gulf were closed for fishing. Yet, the satellite footprint does not necessarily capture the entire oil spill extent. Here, we use in situ observations and oil spill transport modeling to examine the full extent of the DWH spill, focusing on toxic-to-biota (i.e., marine organisms) oil concentration ranges. We demonstrate that large areas of the GoM were exposed to invisible and toxic oil that extended beyond the boundaries of the satellite footprint and the fishery closures. With a global increase in petroleum production-related activities, a careful assessment of oil spills' full extent is necessary to maximize environmental and public safety. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).Kidney transplantation is regarded as the best treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, living-donor recipients (LDRs) and deceased-donor recipients (DDRs) still face challenges in transplant-specific emotional adjustment post-transplantation. Research distinguishing emotional adjustment between transplant groups has been limited to Western settings, with little attention given to Asian populations. As such, documenting and comparing the emotional adjustment of LDRs and DDRs in an ethnically diverse Asian setting in Singapore and identifying factors associated with emotional adjustment are of interest. Methods One hundred eighty-two kidney transplant patients (106 LDRs and 76 DDRs) completed measures of generic distress (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21) and transplantation-specific emotional and behavioral outcomes (Transplant Effects Questionnaire). Results LDRs were significantly younger (P = 0.019) and had higher education levels (P = 0.007), higher personal income (P lessers Kluwer Health, Inc.The use of once-daily extended-release tacrolimus (ERT) is associated with improved long-term graft and patient survival when compared with twice-daily tacrolimus (BDT), but the underlying reasons for differential survival are unclear. The aim of the study was to compare clinical outcomes known to impact on posttransplant survival for de novo BDT and ERT in liver transplantation (LT) recipients. Methods We conducted a single-center, prospective sequential cohort analysis of adult patients undergoing LT during a change in protocol from de novo BDT to ERT, with a 6-month post-LT follow-up. Results A total of 160 transplanted patients were evaluated; 82 were in the BDT group and 78 were in the ERT group. The cohorts were matched for standard variables and a similar proportion in each group received induction interleukin-2 receptor antibody (36% and 31%). There were no significant differences in the measured outcomes of patient and graft survival, biopsy-proven acute rejection episodes, post LT diabetes, and toxicity. A significantly lower number of patients developed chronic kidney disease Stage3-4 in the ERT cohort compared with BDT cohort. In patients with pre-LT renal dysfunction who received antibody induction, estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly in the BDT but not the ERT group. Conclusions We show that once-daily ERT is as safe and efficacious as BDT in de novo LT but optimally conserves renal function post-LT. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Transplantation Direct. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.Graft survival rates after intestinal transplantation (ITx) are still the lowest in comparison to other solid organ transplants. One of the main reasons is the frequent occurrence of acute cellular rejection (ACR). find more Vedolizumab is an antibody against α4β7+ integrin involved in gut-homing of T cells which has been approved for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We report its off-label use to treat ACR after ITx. Methods Following abdominal wall transplantation (AWTx) and ITx, clinical course was followed biochemically. Sequential small intestinal biopsies were taken preceding, during, and after ACR treatment with vedolizumab, following the standard therapy regime for IBD. Rejection was diagnosed histologically, and proinflammatory (α4β7+, interleukin-17+) and regulatory (FoxP3+) T cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results ACR in both the ITx and AWTx resolved upon vedolizumab treatment, which was safe, evidenced by clearing an astrovirus and primary cytomegalovirus infection. Only a slight reduction of α4β7+ cells in the mucosa was observed, and α4β7+ and regulatory T cells could still move into the lamina propria upon infection. Conclusions Vedolizumab is a safe treatment option for ACR after ITx but its mechanism is probably not only based on inhibition of gut-selective T-cell homing. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Transplantation Direct. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.The ideal minimizing strategy for maintenance immunosuppression in HLA-matched kidney transplant recipients (KTR) is unknown. We hypothesized that mycophenolate (MPA) monotherapy is a safe and effective approach for maintenance therapy in this group of KTR. Methods Data were abstracted for 6-antigen HLA-matched KTR between 1994 and 2013. Twenty recipients receiving MPA monotherapy secondary to infection, cancer, calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) side effects, or immunosuppression minimization strategies were evaluated in this case series. Results MPA monotherapy had a low incidence of death-censored graft failure (3.19/100 person-y), rejection (0/100 person-y), hospitalization (1.62/100 person-y), malignancy (3.61/100 person-y), and infection (1.75/100 person-y). Further, 12-month mean or median serum creatinine (1.29 mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rate (64.3 mL/min/1.73 m2), urine protein creatinine ratio (143.2 mg/g), hemoglobin (13.9 g/dL), platelets (237.8 K/uL), and white blood cell count (9.04 K/uL) were favorable.