CONCLUSIONS In this secondary analysis of an efficacy outcome from the IMPACT trial, once-daily single-inhaler FF/UMEC/VI triple therapy reduced the risk of ACM versus UMEC/VI in patients with symptomatic COPD and a history of exacerbations. FUNDING GSK(CTT116855/NCT02164513). This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).OBJECTIVES To explore the expression of miR-34a and its effect on expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients, age 12-18 years old, who underwent orthodontic treatment were enrolled. The expression of miR-34a and MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-14) were detected in gingival crevicular fluid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction at different time points. The miR-34a mimics or inhibitors were transfected into human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells, and the MMP expression was measured by ELISA. RESULTS The miR-34 expression in GCF on both the tension and pressure sides after orthodontic treatment were significantly downregulated, while the levels of MMPs were significantly upregulated compared with baseline level. The levels of miR-34 and MMPs returned to baseline level 3 months after orthodontic treatment. The expression of miR-34 was negatively correlated with the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14. After transfection with miR-34, the MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 expression by hPDL cells were significantly downregulated compared with miR-control and miR-34 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Downregulated miR-34 expression was positively correlated with MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 expression. The miR-34a transfection into hPDL cells inhibited expression of MMPs. The results suggest that miR-34a is involved in expression of MMPs during OTM.Affective responses to emotional expressions critically depend on the expresser's group membership Facial displays by in-group members elicit concordant affective behavior in the perceiver whereas out-group expressions elicit discordant behavior. A prominent explanation for this response divergence assumes that initial affective responses are elicited by the social message signaled by facial displays (social intentions account). In this study we tested an alternative account, proposing that specific combinations of group membership and facial expression (i.e., positive expressions by negatively evaluated out-group members or negative expressions by positively evaluated in-group members) result in affective conflict (processing conflict account). In 4 experiments White participants executed simple 2-choice categorization tasks on pictures of emotions expressed by Middle-Eastern (out-group) or White persons (in-group). We observed consistent performance decrements to affectively incongruent compared with congruent faces. Moreover, consistent with the processing conflict account, experienced conflict from affectively incongruent faces reactively induces recruitment of cognitive control resources. Conflict adaptation effects occurred (a) irrespective of the type of conflict and (b) also for emotional facial expressions for which the underlying social message does not vary with group membership. In summary, these results substantiate the processing conflict hypothesis. Consequences for the prominent social intentions account are discussed. Teniposide mw (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Selecting relevant information while ignoring irrelevant distractors is critical for every cognitive function. Visual working memory (VWM) load is 1 factor that can modulate attentional selection; however, previous studies yielded inconsistent results concerning whether VWM load increases or decreases attentional selection. In the current study, we manipulated VWM load while controlling the size of attentional zoom, which could have influenced distractor interference in prior studies. We found that increasing the size of attentional zoom resulted in greater distractor interference; however, increasing VWM load did not modulate attentional selection when attentional zoom was held narrow. The current findings suggest that the interaction between selective attention and VWM can be better understood by dissociating the size of attentional focus and VWM load. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Two experiments examined individual differences in lapses of sustained attention. Participants performed variants of the psychomotor vigilance task while pupillary responses and fixations were recorded. Examining pupillary responses during the interstimulus interval in both experiments suggested that individuals particularly susceptible to lapses of attention (indexed by the slowest response times) demonstrated a decreased pupillary response during the interstimulus interval, whereas individuals less susceptible to lapses of attention demonstrated an increased pupillary response during the interstimulus interval. These results suggest that variation in lapses of attention are partially attributable to individual differences in the ability to voluntarily control the intensity of attention (intrinsic alertness) and fully engage preparatory processes on a moment-by-moment basis. Furthermore, across both experiments additional individual differences factors covaried with lapses of attention, including attention control, working memory capacity, susceptibility to off-task thinking, task-specific motivation, and fixation stability. These results provide evidence for the notion that individual differences in lapses of attention are multifaceted and that variation in intrinsic alertness and other factors are important contributors to this variation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).We analyzed the processing of go, nogo, and neutral stimuli by means of the interactions that arise when two stimuli are presented in temporal proximity. In Experiment 1, we tested four leaky, competing accumulator models of a flanker task with go and nogo targets and go, nogo, and neutral flankers. The models differed in whether they included a nogo-response code and thus a covert nogo response or not. Nogo flankers produced similar response conflict as incompatible go flankers, supporting a model with a nogo-response code. The best-fitting model had higher thresholds for nogo than for go responses and stronger lateral-inhibition gain between go-response and nogo-response codes than between go-response codes. We further explored the validity of the models by testing their predicted sequential effects in Experiments 2A and 2B. Consistent with the best-fitting model, RTs to a go signal were longer after a nogo signal than after a (different) go signal when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was long enough for responses to first signals (i.