Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.BACKGROUND Medicaid plays a critical role during the perinatal period, but pregnancy-related Medicaid eligibility only extends for 60 days post partum. In 2014, the Affordable Care Act's (ACA's) Medicaid expansions increased adult Medicaid eligibility to 138% of the federal poverty level in participating states, allowing eligible new mothers to remain covered after pregnancy-related coverage expires. We investigate the impact of ACA Medicaid expansions on insurance coverage among new mothers living in poverty. METHODS We define new mothers living in poverty as women ages 19 to 44 with incomes below the federal poverty level who report giving birth in the past 12 months. We use 2010-2017 American Community Survey data and a difference-in-differences approach using parental Medicaid-eligibility thresholds to estimate the effect of ACA Medicaid expansions on insurance coverage among poor new mothers. RESULTS A 100-percentage-point increase in parental Medicaid-eligibility is associated with an 8.8-percentage-point decrease (P less then .001) in uninsurance, a 13.2-percentage-point increase (P less then .001) in Medicaid coverage, and a 4.4-percentage-point decrease in private or other coverage (P = .001) among poor new mothers. The average increase in Medicaid eligibility is associated with a 28% decrease in uninsurance, a 13% increase in Medicaid coverage, and an 18% decline in private or other insurance among poor new mothers in expansion states. However, in 2017, there were ∼142 000 remaining uninsured, poor new mothers. https://www.selleckchem.com/peptide/apamin.html CONCLUSIONS ACA Medicaid expansions are associated with increased Medicaid coverage and reduced uninsurance among poor new mothers. Opportunities remain for expansion and nonexpansion states to increase insurance coverage among new mothers living in poverty. Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.Intrinsic plasticity of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) has recently been demonstrated in cerebellar local circuits; however, its physiological impact on cerebellar learning and memory remains elusive. Here, we suggest that intrinsic plasticity of PCs is tightly involved in motor memory consolidation based on findings from PC-specific STIM1 knockout male mice, which show severe memory consolidation deficiency in vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) memory. Gain-up training of the VOR produced a decrease in the synaptic weight of PCs in both the wild-type and knockout groups. However, intrinsic plasticity was impaired only in the knockout mice. Furthermore, the observed defects in the intrinsic plasticity of PCs led to the formation of aberrant neural plasticity in the vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons. Our results suggest that synergistic modulation of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in PCs is required for the changes in downstream plasticity in the VN, and thereby contributing to the long-term storage of motor memory.Significant statementSynaptic plasticity is a well-known mechanism for learning and memory. Although plasticity of excitability, intrinsic plasticity, of the cerebellar Purkinje cell has been reported in both directions, potentiation and depression, the physiological role of intrinsic plasticity still remains ambiguous. In this study, we suggest that both synaptic and intrinsic plasticity are required for successful memory consolidation in cerebellar eye movement learning. Despite successful induction and maintenance of synaptic plasticity, we found deficits of memory consolidation when there were defects in intrinsic plasticity. Our results suggest that intrinsic plasticity of cerebellar Purkinje cell has a significant role in motor memory consolidation. Copyright © 2020 Jang et al.Vocal production is a sensory-motor process in which auditory self-monitoring is used to ensure accurate communication. During vocal production, the auditory cortex of both humans and animals is suppressed, a phenomenon that plays an important role in self-monitoring and vocal motor control. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of this vocalization-induced suppression are unknown. Gamma-band oscillations (>25 Hz) have been implicated a variety of cortical functions and are thought to arise from activity of local inhibitory interneurons, but have not been studied during vocal production. We therefore examined gamma-band activity in the auditory cortex of vocalizing marmoset monkeys, of either sex, and found that gamma responses increased during vocal production. This increase in gamma contrasts with simultaneously recorded suppression of single and multi-unit responses. Recorded vocal gamma oscillations exhibited two separable components, a vocalization-specific non-synchronized ('induced') response correroduction, the opposite response of that seen in spiking units. We discuss these results with proposed functions of gamma activity during inhibitory sensory processing and coordination of different brain regions, suggesting a role in sensory-motor integration. Copyright © 2020 Tsunada and Eliades.Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are medications that have been used for a long time. Their most common use is for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. However, these antimalarial drugs are known to also have anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects and are used for several chronic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus with low adverse effects. The antiviral action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine has been a point of interest to different researchers due to its mechanism of action. Several in vitro studies have proven their effectiveness on severe acute respiratory syndrome virus and currently both in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted on 2019 novel coronavirus (covid-19). The purpose of this article is to review the history and mechanism of actions of these drugs and the potential use they can have on the current covid-19 pandemic. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVES Prescription of opioids to treat pediatric migraine is explicitly discouraged by treatment guidelines but persists in some clinical settings. We sought to describe rates of opioid administration in pediatric migraine hospitalizations. METHODS Using data from the Pediatric Health Information System, we performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence and predictors of opioid administration for children aged 7 to 21 years who were hospitalized for migraine between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. RESULTS There were 6632 pediatric migraine hospitalizations at 50 hospitals during the study period, of which 448 (7%) had an opioid administered during the hospitalization. There were higher adjusted odds of opioid administration in hospitalizations for non-Hispanic black (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.68; P less then .001) and Hispanic (aOR, 1.54; P = .005) (reference white) race and ethnicity, among older age groups (18-21 years aOR, 2.74; P less then .001; reference, 7-10 years), and among patients with higher illness severity (aOR, 2.