In the CaD placebo-controlled intervention clinical trial, there was also no association in the active intervention arm with glaucoma. We conclude that dietary vitamin D intake, supplements and serum levels are not significantly related to the risk of developing glaucoma in postmenopausal women. Lockdown measures have a profound effect on many aspects of daily life relevant for diabetes self-management. We assessed whether lockdown measures, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, differentially affect perceived stress, body weight, exercise and related this to glycemic control in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We performed a short-term observational cohort study at the Leiden University Medical Center. People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes ≥18 years were eligible to participate. Participants filled out online questionnaires, sent in blood for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analysis and shared data of their flash or continuous glucose sensors. HbA1c during the lockdown was compared with the last known HbA1c before the lockdown. In total, 435 people were included (type 1 diabetes n=280, type 2 diabetes n=155). An increase in perceived stress and anxiety, weight gain and less exercise was observed in both groups. There was improvement in glycemic control in the group with the highest HbA1c terychological aspects during diabetes care consultations. To examine the association of a novel disease-specific health plan, known as the Diabetes Health Plan (DHP), with emergency room (ER) and hospital utilization among patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes. Quasi-experimental design, with employer group as the unit of analysis, comparing changes in any ER and inpatient hospital utilization over a 3-year period. Inverse probability weighting was used to control for differences between employers purchasing DHP versus standard plans. Estimated differences in utilization are calculated as average treatment effects on the treated. We used employees and dependents from employer groups contracting with a large, national private insurer between 2009 and 2012. Eligibility and claims data from continuously covered employees and dependents with diabetes and pre-diabetes (n=74 058) were aggregated to the employer level. The analysis included 9 DHP employers (n=7004) and 183 control employers (n=67 054). DHP purchase was associated with 2.4 and 1.8 percentage points absolute reduction in mean rates of any ER utilization, representing 13% and 10% relative reductions at 1 and 2 years post-DHP (p=0.012 and p=0.046, respectively). There was no significant association between DHP purchase and hospital utilization. Employers purchasing diabetes-specific health benefit designs may experience lower rates of resource-intensive services such as ER utilization.Employers purchasing diabetes-specific health benefit designs may experience lower rates of resource-intensive services such as ER utilization. To study the impact of hemoglobin A1c (A1c) variability on the risk of hypoglycemia-related hospitalization (HRH) in veterans with diabetes mellitus. 342 059 veterans with diabetes aged 65 years or older were identified for a retrospective cohort study. All participants had a 3-year baseline period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2016, during which they had at least four A1c tests. A1c variability measures included coefficient of variation (A1c CV), A1c SD, and adjusted A1c SD. HRH was identified during a 2-year follow-up period from Medicare and the Veterans Health Administration through validated algorithms of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes. Logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between A1c variability and HRH risk while controlling for relevant clinical covariates. 2871 patients had one or more HRH in the 2-year follow-up period. HRH risk increased with greater A1c variability, and this was consistent across A1c CV, A1c SD, and adjusted A1c SD. Average A1c levels were also independently associated with HRH, with levels <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) having lower risk and >9% (75 mmol/mol) with greater risk. The relationships between A1c variability remained significant after controlling for average A1c levels and prior HRH during the baseline period. Increasing A1c variability and elevated A1c levels are associated with a greater risk of HRH in older adults with diabetes. Clinicians should consider A1c variability when assessing patients for risk of severe hypoglycemia.Increasing A1c variability and elevated A1c levels are associated with a greater risk of HRH in older adults with diabetes. Clinicians should consider A1c variability when assessing patients for risk of severe hypoglycemia. Distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) is common in people with diabetes but is also found in pre-diabetes. Peripheral nerve myelin damage, which can be assessed by reduced nerve conduction velocity (NCV), is an essential feature of DSPN. selleck inhibitor Emerging evidence indicates that the development of DSPN may involve the activation of the immune system. However, available studies have mainly investigated circulating immune mediators, whereas the role of immune cells remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to test whether leukocyte subsets are associated with NCV. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 850 individuals (of whom 252 and 118 had type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes, respectively) of the Maastricht Study. NCV was measured in the peroneal and tibial motor nerves and the sural sensory nerve and summed to calculate a standardized NCV sum score. Associations between percentages of leukocyte subsets and NCV sum scores were estimated using linear regression models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, metabolic and clinical covariates. After adjustment for covariates, higher percentages of basophils and CD4 T cells were associated with lower NCV (p=0.014 and p=0.005, respectively). The percentage of CD8 T cells was positively associated with NCV (p=0.022). These associations were not modified by glucose metabolism status (all p >0.05). No associations were found for monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total T cells, Treg cells and B cells. The associations of basophils, CD4 and CD8 T cells with NCV suggest that cell types from both innate and adaptive immunity may be implicated in the development of DSPN.The associations of basophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with NCV suggest that cell types from both innate and adaptive immunity may be implicated in the development of DSPN.