In order to maximize post-therapeutic quality of life, radio(chemo)therapy becomes preferred over surgery in head-and-neck tumor (HNT) treatment. see more However, the therapy selection is only based on the clinical experience and patient's preferences as the radiosensitivity markers remain unknown. New possibilities of deciding on the best primary therapy, moving us towards personalized medicine based on quantifiable biomarkers, have been opened by studies on DNA radiation damage and repair in individual patients tumors. Together with the importance of radiotherapy in HNT oncology, we discuss here our preliminary results revealing the existence of several HNT groups with respect to genome stability and repair ability of tumor cells after irradiation. Monitoring of the formation and disappearance of γH2AX/53BP1 foci in tumor cell primo-cultures derived from individual patients suggests that DNA repair capacity of the identified groups correlates with the tumor cell radiosensitivity. Our findings thus improve understanding of HNT biology; nevertheless, the relationship between the repair groups and in vivo response of tumors to radiotherapy must be further studied. Since most HNTs do not suffer from repair defects, although their viability varies after irradiation, pre-therapeutic tests covering the full spectrum of HNT radiosensitivity causes will require the use of a combination of multiple, still undiscovered biomarkers.Radiotherapy is a dynamically developing field of cancer treatment. Advances in radiotherapy are significantly related to new knowledge in radiobiology, the introduction of new systems in radiodiagnostics and radiation therapy planning. The technical development of irradiation systems over the last 10 years has greatly improved the quality of radiation therapy. The constant aim of modern radiation therapy is to minimize the toxicity of radiotherapy while maintaining the therapeutic effect. With the development of radiotherapy, however, the issue of so-called financial toxicity of various radiation techniques and disproportionate increase in treatment spending, regardless of cost-effectiveness.Ionizing radiation refers to the flow of material particles or photons of electromagnetic radiation that can ionize atoms of the environment through which it passes. At the cellular level, damage can be manifested by cell death or changing their cytogenetic information. These events can lead to adverse tissue reactions (deterministic effects) in which manifestations depend on exceeding the dose threshold, or to the stochastic effects, when the probability of damage increases with the dose. This article briefly summarizes these effects on the human body.If we consider the development of any specialization in our region in an historical context, we cannot separate the Czech and Slovak Republics. The 75 years together (with the exception of 1939-1945) were a period of narrow cooperation between Czech and Slovak Universities and Scientific Institutes, and Radiobiology is no exception, which is why the discussion falls to Czechoslovak Radiobiology, as opposed to Czech Radiobiology alone. Czechoslovak Radiobiology has gone through three important stages in its history, influenced also by international political-military situations. Here it is necessary to emphasize that the results obtained by Czechoslovak Radiobiology were and are comparable with foreign institutions. The first period, which dates back to 1895-1939, represents the initial discovery period of the mechanism and consequences of ionizing radiation on the body. The second period in 1939-1990 is considered to be the phase of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, their misuse for military purposes, along with detailed studies of radiation sickness and radiation protection, the majority of the results which were kept secret and could not be published at the time. The third period after 1990 is dedicated to the detailed study of post-radiation changes at the intracellular level with the aim to be used especially in radiotherapy and radiation protection, as well as the dangers of misuse of ionizing radiation by terrorists. Increased attention is also devoted to the effect of ionizing radiation on plants and their possible subsequent use.Lymphoedema represents a serious health problem associated with significant psychological, social and economic burden for the one affected. Despite the progress in diagnostics and treatment, this medical problem will not be definitively solved in the foreseeable future. We present a case of a patient with lymphoedema which, unfortunatelly resulted in a forced transfemoral amputation due to septic complications. The course of the disease in this case confirms the severity of the diagnosis with possibly life- threatening consequences. Further, we discuss current views on lymphoedema based on the available literature.Anorectal malformations present a type of the most serious congenital malformations, either in terms of treatment or treatment outcomes. Anorectal atresia can be subdivided into three categories the supralevator form, the intermediate type of atresia and the low translevator type. One of the clinical forms of low translevator type in girls is a perineal fistula opening just behind the vaginal entrance on the perineum, with a fully developed sphincter complex dorsally from the fistula (so called anus perinei ventralis). The golden standard of surgical treatment of anus perinei ventralis in children is Peñas procedure, which was used as a guideline for anorectal reconstruction in our adult patient, as well.We present the case report of bilateral renal angiomyolipomas in a 70-year-old patient. Spontaneous bleeding into the retroperitoneum and hemodynamic instability required an acute surgical revision with a left-sided nephrectomy. The contralateral angiomyolipoma was selectively embolized in the second period and subsequently resected. The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term outcomes of patients undergoing mini-invasive rectal resection within an ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) protocol. Aprospectively managed database of patients undergoing rectal operations performed at our department between January 2015 and April 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. An ERAS protocol was implemented into clinical practice at our department in April 2016 and mini-invasive rectal procedures in May 2016. The ERAS group consisted of all patients who underwent mini-invasive rectal resections or amputations within the ERAS protocol. The control group consisted of patients who underwent open procedures and received standard perioperative care. The extracted data included basic patient characteristics, surgical data, postoperative recovery parameters, 30-day morbidity, length of postoperative stay and 30-day rehospitalization. Atotal of 110 patients were included in the study 67 patients in the ERAS group and 43 in the control group. Within the ERAS group 47 patients underwent robotic procedures and 20 had laparoscopic procedures.