Our analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased level of Fe, Zn, and Se among human CL and canine leishmaniasis, and Zn and Fe in patients with VL. In contrast, an increased level of Cu in CL patients and Cu and Mg in VL patients and canine leishmaniasis was observed. Treatment of CL based zinc supplementation revealed enhancement of wound healing and diminished scar formation in human and experimentally infected animals. The results of this systematic review indicate that the TEs have important roles in leishmaniasis, which could be assessed as a prognosis factor in this disease. It is suggested that TEs could be prescribed as an adjuvant for the treatment of CL and VL patients.Taking excessive sodium fluoride may cause female reproductive dysfunction, but underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. The ovarian granulosa cells are the key endocrine cells releasing reproductive hormones. The miRNAs in the granulosa cells play an important function in regulating reproduction. The aim of this study is to explore the role of miRNAs in granulosa cell apoptosis and autophagy, as well as estradiol (E2) release in response to excessive sodium fluoride. The ovarian granulosa cells (KGN cells) were treated in vitro by different concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF) for 24 h. The level of estradiol (E2) in the incubation medium was measured by ELISA kits. The total RNA and protein were collected and purified from KGN cells. The expression of miRNAs was detected by the real-time PCR. The signal molecules involved in cell apoptosis and autophagy were detected by the real-time PCR and Western blotting. Six miRNAs in granulosa cells were significantly up- or downregulated by NaF and selected for real-time PCR analysis. The miR-378d was the most significantly upregulated one dose dependently by NaF. It was positively correlated to the extent of apoptosis but negatively correlated to the level of autophagy in KGN cells in response to NaF. In addition, miR-378d promoted E2 release in response to 1 and 2 mM NaF but reduced E2 release in response to 4 and 8 mM NaF treatments. It is concluded that expression of miR-378d in ovarian granulosa cells is negatively correlated to the autophagy and E2 release and positively correlated to cell apoptosis under the influence of NaF.Iron overload has been found very common in diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, thalassemia, and sickle cell disease and in healthy postmenopausal women. Recent studies have shown that iron overload is considered an independent risk factor for osteoporosis. Studies have demonstrated that iron overload could induce apoptosis and inhibit viability in osteoblasts. However, the underlying mechanism still remains poorly understood. The purpose of the present study is to investigate possible mechanism of iron overload-induced apoptosis, and the roles autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) played under iron overload conditions. Ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) (100-1600 μM) was utilized as iron donor to induce iron overload conditions. Intracellular iron concentration was measured using Iron Assay Kit. The viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was examined using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining with a flow cytometry, and levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP were evaluated wig excessive intracellular ROS could be a novel approach for the treatment of iron overload-induced osteoporosis.Water for human consumption is the main source of fluoride exposure. The concentration in water should not exceed 1 mg/L of fluoride since, at higher levels; it increases the risk of dental fluorosis, among other adverse effects. The fluoride content of 149 water samples from different aqueducts in Cauca (Colombia) has been determined by ion exchange chromatography with the aim of fluoride risk assessment. The rural area of the Municipality of Santander de Quilichao registered fluoride concentrations between 0.012 and 0.150 mg/L. The urban area of Santander de Quilichao recorded lower fluoride levels than the rural area (0.027-0.068 mg/L). Selleck MK-8353 The urban area of the Municipality of Cajibío registered fluoride levels of 0.082-0.186 mg/L. The highest levels of fluoride were found in Timbío (0.121-0.210 mg/L). The fluoride levels recorded in this study are not considered sufficient to trigger dental fluorosis. Likewise, optimal levels are not considered to protect the child population against dental caries. However, a monitoring plan of fluoride concentrations in water should be implemented to assure the quality and safe of the water. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises risk factors such as obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Here we described the outcome of various yogurt consumption, either conventional, low-fat, high-fat, Greek, or enriched with nutrients or probiotics (1) on the parameters of MetS risk factors and (2) on the mechanisms of action of the MetS risk factors. The majority (25 studies) of clinical trials and meta-analyses of clinical trials reported a beneficial effect of yogurt consumption in the prevention of MetS risk. Yogurt components, such as calcium, vitamin D, proteins, and probiotics, were associated with the multiple beneficial effects on the prevention of MetS. In general, yogurt consumption may be promoted within healthy dietary patterns to prevent MetS. More studies are needed to determine what type of yogurt has the greatest benefits for specific MetS risk factor prevention.The majority (25 studies) of clinical trials and meta-analyses of clinical trials reported a beneficial effect of yogurt consumption in the prevention of MetS risk. Yogurt components, such as calcium, vitamin D, proteins, and probiotics, were associated with the multiple beneficial effects on the prevention of MetS. In general, yogurt consumption may be promoted within healthy dietary patterns to prevent MetS. More studies are needed to determine what type of yogurt has the greatest benefits for specific MetS risk factor prevention.Sex estimation from isolated or fragmented bones is a cornerstone in medicolegal identification. The current study aimed to estimate sex from the lengths of the coronal and sagittal sutures in a sample of Egyptians. The study was performed on a total of 80 adult cadavers (48 males and 32 females) during a routine autopsy. After exposure of the skull vault, the lengths of the coronal and sagittal sutures were measured using a thread and a graduated scale. The mean length of the coronal suture was significantly higher in males (24.8 ± 1.4 cm) than in females (22.7 ± 1.4 cm). The mean length of the sagittal suture was significantly higher in males (11.9±1.6 cm) than in females (10.8±1.6 cm). This study used the lengths of the coronal and sagittal sutures as measurements for sex estimation for the first time. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the combined coronal and sagittal sutures lengths were the best sex discriminator (AUC= 0.859), followed by the coronal suture length (AUC= 0.